Activation of mucosal immunity and novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategy in combating COVID-19
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerges as an expeditiously growing pandemic, in the human population caused by the highly transmissible RNA virus severe acute respiratory syndrome of coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection predominantly occurs at the angiotensin-converting...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Open Exploration Publishing Inc.
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Exploration of Immunology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ei/Article/100325 |
| _version_ | 1819172399153676288 |
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| author | Swapan K. Chatterjee Snigdha Saha Maria Nilda M. Munoz |
| author_facet | Swapan K. Chatterjee Snigdha Saha Maria Nilda M. Munoz |
| author_sort | Swapan K. Chatterjee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerges as an expeditiously growing pandemic, in the human population caused by the highly transmissible RNA virus severe acute respiratory syndrome of coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection predominantly occurs at the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor and transmembrane protease serine type 2 positive (ACE2 + TMPRSS2)+ epithelial cells of the mucosal surface like nasal, oral mucosae, and/or the conjunctival surface of the eye where it has interacted along with the immune system. The primary host response towards the pathogen starts from an immune microenvironment of nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). The presence of exhausted lymphocytes, lymphopenia, pneumonia and cytokine storm is the hallmark of COVID-19. The multifaceted nature of co-morbidity factors like obesity and type 2 diabetes and its effects on immunity can alter the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Adipose tissue is a crucial endocrine organ that secretes a plethora of factors like adipokines, cytokines, and chemokines that have a profound impact on metabolism and augments the expression of mucosal pro-inflammatory cytokines, like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and the interleukin-12 (IL-12)/IL-23. Mucosal immunization could be a superior approach to activate mucosal and systemic immune responses against pathogenic invasion at mucosal surface entry ports. Mucosal vaccines are also able to generate strong systemic humoral immunity—required to neutralize any virus particle that dodges the primary immune response. To develop an efficient vaccine against mucosal pathogens, considering the designing of the delivery route, immunomodulatory features, and adjuvants are very important. In this article, we further provide evidence to understand the significant role of mucosal immunity, along with secretory and circulating immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies in generating a novel mucosal vaccine against COVID-19. Moreover, along with mucosal vaccines, we should look for combination treatment strategies with plant bioactive molecules. Glycan-binding lectins against viral proteins for targeted activation of mucosal immune response are one of such examples. This might play a promising role to halt this emerging virus. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-22T20:06:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-17eb9c94d0824c44bb7a2d8c20f8fb41 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2768-6655 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-22T20:06:34Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | Open Exploration Publishing Inc. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Exploration of Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-17eb9c94d0824c44bb7a2d8c20f8fb412022-12-21T18:14:07ZengOpen Exploration Publishing Inc.Exploration of Immunology2768-66552021-12-011537439710.37349/ei.2021.00025Activation of mucosal immunity and novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategy in combating COVID-19Swapan K. Chatterjee0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5582-3069Snigdha Saha1Maria Nilda M. Munoz2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7939-9664Molecular Pharma Pvt. Ltd. 102A Windsor Palace, 6A, Iron Side Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, IndiaMolecular Pharma Pvt. Ltd. 102A Windsor Palace, 6A, Iron Side Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, IndiaCagayan State University, Tuguegarao City & De La Salle University, Manila 0900, PhilippinesCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerges as an expeditiously growing pandemic, in the human population caused by the highly transmissible RNA virus severe acute respiratory syndrome of coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection predominantly occurs at the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor and transmembrane protease serine type 2 positive (ACE2 + TMPRSS2)+ epithelial cells of the mucosal surface like nasal, oral mucosae, and/or the conjunctival surface of the eye where it has interacted along with the immune system. The primary host response towards the pathogen starts from an immune microenvironment of nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). The presence of exhausted lymphocytes, lymphopenia, pneumonia and cytokine storm is the hallmark of COVID-19. The multifaceted nature of co-morbidity factors like obesity and type 2 diabetes and its effects on immunity can alter the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Adipose tissue is a crucial endocrine organ that secretes a plethora of factors like adipokines, cytokines, and chemokines that have a profound impact on metabolism and augments the expression of mucosal pro-inflammatory cytokines, like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and the interleukin-12 (IL-12)/IL-23. Mucosal immunization could be a superior approach to activate mucosal and systemic immune responses against pathogenic invasion at mucosal surface entry ports. Mucosal vaccines are also able to generate strong systemic humoral immunity—required to neutralize any virus particle that dodges the primary immune response. To develop an efficient vaccine against mucosal pathogens, considering the designing of the delivery route, immunomodulatory features, and adjuvants are very important. In this article, we further provide evidence to understand the significant role of mucosal immunity, along with secretory and circulating immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies in generating a novel mucosal vaccine against COVID-19. Moreover, along with mucosal vaccines, we should look for combination treatment strategies with plant bioactive molecules. Glycan-binding lectins against viral proteins for targeted activation of mucosal immune response are one of such examples. This might play a promising role to halt this emerging virus.https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ei/Article/100325cytokine stormobesityinterferon-gammanasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissuemucosal immunitymucosal vaccineimmunoglobulin acoronavirus disease 2019 |
| spellingShingle | Swapan K. Chatterjee Snigdha Saha Maria Nilda M. Munoz Activation of mucosal immunity and novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategy in combating COVID-19 Exploration of Immunology cytokine storm obesity interferon-gamma nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue mucosal immunity mucosal vaccine immunoglobulin a coronavirus disease 2019 |
| title | Activation of mucosal immunity and novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategy in combating COVID-19 |
| title_full | Activation of mucosal immunity and novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategy in combating COVID-19 |
| title_fullStr | Activation of mucosal immunity and novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategy in combating COVID-19 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Activation of mucosal immunity and novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategy in combating COVID-19 |
| title_short | Activation of mucosal immunity and novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategy in combating COVID-19 |
| title_sort | activation of mucosal immunity and novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategy in combating covid 19 |
| topic | cytokine storm obesity interferon-gamma nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue mucosal immunity mucosal vaccine immunoglobulin a coronavirus disease 2019 |
| url | https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ei/Article/100325 |
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