Robust Template Matching Using Multiple-Layered Absent Color Indexing
Color is an essential feature in histogram-based matching. This can be extracted as statistical data during the comparison process. Although the applicability of color features in histogram-based techniques has been proven, position information is lacking during the matching process. We present a co...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/17/6661 |
| _version_ | 1797493010188992512 |
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| author | Guodong Wei Ying Tian Shun’ichi Kaneko Zhengang Jiang |
| author_facet | Guodong Wei Ying Tian Shun’ichi Kaneko Zhengang Jiang |
| author_sort | Guodong Wei |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Color is an essential feature in histogram-based matching. This can be extracted as statistical data during the comparison process. Although the applicability of color features in histogram-based techniques has been proven, position information is lacking during the matching process. We present a conceptually simple and effective method called multiple-layered absent color indexing (ABC-ML) for template matching. Apparent and absent color histograms are obtained from the original color histogram, where the absent colors belong to low-frequency or vacant bins. To determine the color range of compared images, we propose a total color space (TCS) that can determine the operating range of the histogram bins. Furthermore, we invert the absent colors to obtain the properties of these colors using threshold <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>h</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>. Then, we compute the similarity using the intersection. A multiple-layered structure is proposed against the shift issue in histogram-based approaches. Each layer is constructed using the isotonic principle. Thus, absent color indexing and multiple-layered structure are combined to solve the precision problem. Our experiments on real-world images and open data demonstrated that they have produced state-of-the-art results. Moreover, they retained the histogram merits of robustness in cases of deformation and scaling. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:13:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-17f5b0429e7c452499ebb05185e0763a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:13:51Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-17f5b0429e7c452499ebb05185e0763a2023-11-23T14:12:19ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202022-09-012217666110.3390/s22176661Robust Template Matching Using Multiple-Layered Absent Color IndexingGuodong Wei0Ying Tian1Shun’ichi Kaneko2Zhengang Jiang3School of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, ChinaGraduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0814, JapanGraduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0814, JapanSchool of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, ChinaColor is an essential feature in histogram-based matching. This can be extracted as statistical data during the comparison process. Although the applicability of color features in histogram-based techniques has been proven, position information is lacking during the matching process. We present a conceptually simple and effective method called multiple-layered absent color indexing (ABC-ML) for template matching. Apparent and absent color histograms are obtained from the original color histogram, where the absent colors belong to low-frequency or vacant bins. To determine the color range of compared images, we propose a total color space (TCS) that can determine the operating range of the histogram bins. Furthermore, we invert the absent colors to obtain the properties of these colors using threshold <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>h</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>. Then, we compute the similarity using the intersection. A multiple-layered structure is proposed against the shift issue in histogram-based approaches. Each layer is constructed using the isotonic principle. Thus, absent color indexing and multiple-layered structure are combined to solve the precision problem. Our experiments on real-world images and open data demonstrated that they have produced state-of-the-art results. Moreover, they retained the histogram merits of robustness in cases of deformation and scaling.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/17/6661color featuresabsent colorsapparent colorstotal color spacemultiple-layered structuremargin |
| spellingShingle | Guodong Wei Ying Tian Shun’ichi Kaneko Zhengang Jiang Robust Template Matching Using Multiple-Layered Absent Color Indexing Sensors color features absent colors apparent colors total color space multiple-layered structure margin |
| title | Robust Template Matching Using Multiple-Layered Absent Color Indexing |
| title_full | Robust Template Matching Using Multiple-Layered Absent Color Indexing |
| title_fullStr | Robust Template Matching Using Multiple-Layered Absent Color Indexing |
| title_full_unstemmed | Robust Template Matching Using Multiple-Layered Absent Color Indexing |
| title_short | Robust Template Matching Using Multiple-Layered Absent Color Indexing |
| title_sort | robust template matching using multiple layered absent color indexing |
| topic | color features absent colors apparent colors total color space multiple-layered structure margin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/17/6661 |
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