Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroimmune Crosstalk in the Pathogenesis of Stroke
Stroke disrupts the homeostatic balance within the brain and is associated with a significant accumulation of necrotic cellular debris, fluid, and peripheral immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Additionally, cells, antigens, and other factors exit the brain into the periphery via damag...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/17/9486 |
| _version_ | 1797521285983502336 |
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| author | Yun Hwa Choi Collin Laaker Martin Hsu Peter Cismaru Matyas Sandor Zsuzsanna Fabry |
| author_facet | Yun Hwa Choi Collin Laaker Martin Hsu Peter Cismaru Matyas Sandor Zsuzsanna Fabry |
| author_sort | Yun Hwa Choi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Stroke disrupts the homeostatic balance within the brain and is associated with a significant accumulation of necrotic cellular debris, fluid, and peripheral immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Additionally, cells, antigens, and other factors exit the brain into the periphery via damaged blood–brain barrier cells, glymphatic transport mechanisms, and lymphatic vessels, which dramatically influence the systemic immune response and lead to complex neuroimmune communication. As a result, the immunological response after stroke is a highly dynamic event that involves communication between multiple organ systems and cell types, with significant consequences on not only the initial stroke tissue injury but long-term recovery in the CNS. In this review, we discuss the complex immunological and physiological interactions that occur after stroke with a focus on how the peripheral immune system and CNS communicate to regulate post-stroke brain homeostasis. First, we discuss the post-stroke immune cascade across different contexts as well as homeostatic regulation within the brain. Then, we focus on the lymphatic vessels surrounding the brain and their ability to coordinate both immune response and fluid homeostasis within the brain after stroke. Finally, we discuss how therapeutic manipulation of peripheral systems may provide new mechanisms to treat stroke injury. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:09:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-17f84f8b93344605b758580947bdaf4a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:09:28Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-17f84f8b93344605b758580947bdaf4a2023-11-22T10:44:13ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-08-012217948610.3390/ijms22179486Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroimmune Crosstalk in the Pathogenesis of StrokeYun Hwa Choi0Collin Laaker1Martin Hsu2Peter Cismaru3Matyas Sandor4Zsuzsanna Fabry5School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USANeuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USANeuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USAChemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USADepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USANeuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USAStroke disrupts the homeostatic balance within the brain and is associated with a significant accumulation of necrotic cellular debris, fluid, and peripheral immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Additionally, cells, antigens, and other factors exit the brain into the periphery via damaged blood–brain barrier cells, glymphatic transport mechanisms, and lymphatic vessels, which dramatically influence the systemic immune response and lead to complex neuroimmune communication. As a result, the immunological response after stroke is a highly dynamic event that involves communication between multiple organ systems and cell types, with significant consequences on not only the initial stroke tissue injury but long-term recovery in the CNS. In this review, we discuss the complex immunological and physiological interactions that occur after stroke with a focus on how the peripheral immune system and CNS communicate to regulate post-stroke brain homeostasis. First, we discuss the post-stroke immune cascade across different contexts as well as homeostatic regulation within the brain. Then, we focus on the lymphatic vessels surrounding the brain and their ability to coordinate both immune response and fluid homeostasis within the brain after stroke. Finally, we discuss how therapeutic manipulation of peripheral systems may provide new mechanisms to treat stroke injury.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/17/9486strokelymphaticslymphangiogenesisCNS neuroinflammation |
| spellingShingle | Yun Hwa Choi Collin Laaker Martin Hsu Peter Cismaru Matyas Sandor Zsuzsanna Fabry Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroimmune Crosstalk in the Pathogenesis of Stroke International Journal of Molecular Sciences stroke lymphatics lymphangiogenesis CNS neuroinflammation |
| title | Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroimmune Crosstalk in the Pathogenesis of Stroke |
| title_full | Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroimmune Crosstalk in the Pathogenesis of Stroke |
| title_fullStr | Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroimmune Crosstalk in the Pathogenesis of Stroke |
| title_full_unstemmed | Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroimmune Crosstalk in the Pathogenesis of Stroke |
| title_short | Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroimmune Crosstalk in the Pathogenesis of Stroke |
| title_sort | molecular mechanisms of neuroimmune crosstalk in the pathogenesis of stroke |
| topic | stroke lymphatics lymphangiogenesis CNS neuroinflammation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/17/9486 |
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