Impact of Data Preparation in Freezing of Gait Detection Using Feature-Less Recurrent Neural Network
Many studies showed the feasibility of detecting Freezing of Gait (FOG) of Parkinson’s patients by using several numbers of inertial sensors worn on the body and in back-end computing power. This work uses machine learning approaches for analyzing the data of one single body-worn inertial...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IEEE
2021-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Access |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9558822/ |
| _version_ | 1831788418519007232 |
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| author | Ali Haddadi Esfahani Zoya Dyka Steffen Ortmann Peter Langendorfer |
| author_facet | Ali Haddadi Esfahani Zoya Dyka Steffen Ortmann Peter Langendorfer |
| author_sort | Ali Haddadi Esfahani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Many studies showed the feasibility of detecting Freezing of Gait (FOG) of Parkinson’s patients by using several numbers of inertial sensors worn on the body and in back-end computing power. This work uses machine learning approaches for analyzing the data of one single body-worn inertial sensor system to classify and detect FOG. Long-Short-Term-Memory (LSTM) is employed as the FOG detection algorithm and the Daphnet (FOG and normal gait) dataset provides the data for model training and testing in this paper. The model considers raw data from three channels of the acceleration sensor mounted on the patient’s shank and ignores all other data from other sensors. The model is patient dependent and uses sensitivity and specificity metrics to evaluate the model’s performance. In this paper, we propose a novel padding method that is applied to the windows of FOG and non-FOG with zero overlaps on the training set and adapts the padding to the individual regions. This method produces windows of only one type of data and label. The proposed padding method reduces the padding amount by two orders of magnitude compared to bigger batch sizes in the sequence splitting method offered by MATLAB 2019a. The padding amount is independent of the batch size. Raw data is fed to the model in the testing mode without any pre-processing or data transformation. The standard rolling window generates fixed-size windows for the test set without overlap and the higher amount of FOG or Normal walking data which defines the label of the individual window. The model for one-second long windows applied in this work outperformed the literature results with a sensitivity of 92.57% and a specificity of 95.62% compared to 82% and 94% reported by Masiala <italic>et al.</italic> |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-22T13:49:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-17f9eb759109431480b2a2b86145798e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-22T13:49:16Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj.art-17f9eb759109431480b2a2b86145798e2022-12-21T18:23:42ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362021-01-01913812013813110.1109/ACCESS.2021.31175439558822Impact of Data Preparation in Freezing of Gait Detection Using Feature-Less Recurrent Neural NetworkAli Haddadi Esfahani0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9436-7027Zoya Dyka1Steffen Ortmann2Peter Langendorfer3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-9048IHP–Leibniz-Institut für Innovative Mikroelektronik, Frankfurt (Oder), GermanyIHP–Leibniz-Institut für Innovative Mikroelektronik, Frankfurt (Oder), GermanyCarl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus, Cottbus, GermanyIHP–Leibniz-Institut für Innovative Mikroelektronik, Frankfurt (Oder), GermanyMany studies showed the feasibility of detecting Freezing of Gait (FOG) of Parkinson’s patients by using several numbers of inertial sensors worn on the body and in back-end computing power. This work uses machine learning approaches for analyzing the data of one single body-worn inertial sensor system to classify and detect FOG. Long-Short-Term-Memory (LSTM) is employed as the FOG detection algorithm and the Daphnet (FOG and normal gait) dataset provides the data for model training and testing in this paper. The model considers raw data from three channels of the acceleration sensor mounted on the patient’s shank and ignores all other data from other sensors. The model is patient dependent and uses sensitivity and specificity metrics to evaluate the model’s performance. In this paper, we propose a novel padding method that is applied to the windows of FOG and non-FOG with zero overlaps on the training set and adapts the padding to the individual regions. This method produces windows of only one type of data and label. The proposed padding method reduces the padding amount by two orders of magnitude compared to bigger batch sizes in the sequence splitting method offered by MATLAB 2019a. The padding amount is independent of the batch size. Raw data is fed to the model in the testing mode without any pre-processing or data transformation. The standard rolling window generates fixed-size windows for the test set without overlap and the higher amount of FOG or Normal walking data which defines the label of the individual window. The model for one-second long windows applied in this work outperformed the literature results with a sensitivity of 92.57% and a specificity of 95.62% compared to 82% and 94% reported by Masiala <italic>et al.</italic>https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9558822/Freezing of gaitlong short term memorymachine learningrecurrent neural networktime-series classification |
| spellingShingle | Ali Haddadi Esfahani Zoya Dyka Steffen Ortmann Peter Langendorfer Impact of Data Preparation in Freezing of Gait Detection Using Feature-Less Recurrent Neural Network IEEE Access Freezing of gait long short term memory machine learning recurrent neural network time-series classification |
| title | Impact of Data Preparation in Freezing of Gait Detection Using Feature-Less Recurrent Neural Network |
| title_full | Impact of Data Preparation in Freezing of Gait Detection Using Feature-Less Recurrent Neural Network |
| title_fullStr | Impact of Data Preparation in Freezing of Gait Detection Using Feature-Less Recurrent Neural Network |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact of Data Preparation in Freezing of Gait Detection Using Feature-Less Recurrent Neural Network |
| title_short | Impact of Data Preparation in Freezing of Gait Detection Using Feature-Less Recurrent Neural Network |
| title_sort | impact of data preparation in freezing of gait detection using feature less recurrent neural network |
| topic | Freezing of gait long short term memory machine learning recurrent neural network time-series classification |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9558822/ |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT alihaddadiesfahani impactofdatapreparationinfreezingofgaitdetectionusingfeaturelessrecurrentneuralnetwork AT zoyadyka impactofdatapreparationinfreezingofgaitdetectionusingfeaturelessrecurrentneuralnetwork AT steffenortmann impactofdatapreparationinfreezingofgaitdetectionusingfeaturelessrecurrentneuralnetwork AT peterlangendorfer impactofdatapreparationinfreezingofgaitdetectionusingfeaturelessrecurrentneuralnetwork |