Simultaneous Determination of Nine Phthalates in Vegetable Oil by Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS)
Although the use of phthalates has been restricted worldwide, they remain an issue due to health concerns. Diet is one of the most important exposure pathways for humans and due to their solubility in oil, phthalates are commonly found in edible oil and food high in fat. Gas chromatography–mass spec...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/3/200 |
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| author | Yongjun Xiao Wen Yee Wong Li Yan Chan Chee Keat Yong Kosuke Abe Peter Hancock Simon Hird |
| author_facet | Yongjun Xiao Wen Yee Wong Li Yan Chan Chee Keat Yong Kosuke Abe Peter Hancock Simon Hird |
| author_sort | Yongjun Xiao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Although the use of phthalates has been restricted worldwide, they remain an issue due to health concerns. Diet is one of the most important exposure pathways for humans and due to their solubility in oil, phthalates are commonly found in edible oil and food high in fat. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using electron ionization (EI) has been commonly used for the analysis of the phthalates in foodstuffs, including edible oil. However, this method suffers from issues with sensitivity and selectivity, as most phthalates are fragmented to generate a common phthalic anhydride fragment ion at <i>m/z</i> 149. The molecular ion cannot be observed due to strong fragmentation in EI. In contrast, atmospheric pressure gas chromatography (APGC) is a soft ionization technique with less fragmentation, whereby the molecular ion can be used as the precursor ion for multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). In this study, a simple and quick method for the determination of phthalates in vegetable oil using APGC-MS/MS was developed, and performance was assessed. The method was based on dilution of the oil in solvent and direct injection without the need for further cleanup. The established method was evaluated for linearity, recovery, precision, method detection limit (MDL), and method quantitation limit (MQL). The obtained MQL in vegetable oil was in the range of 0.015–0.058 mg/kg, despite limiting the injection volume to 1 µL, which is suitable for investigating dietary exposure and future proof against decreases to the regulatory limit. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to analyze nine phthalates in eight commercially available vegetable oil. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:48:59Z |
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| id | doaj.art-17fa257533d74d45b49fcc429e0f10fd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:48:59Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-17fa257533d74d45b49fcc429e0f10fd2023-11-17T14:12:31ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042023-02-0111320010.3390/toxics11030200Simultaneous Determination of Nine Phthalates in Vegetable Oil by Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS)Yongjun Xiao0Wen Yee Wong1Li Yan Chan2Chee Keat Yong3Kosuke Abe4Peter Hancock5Simon Hird6International Food & Water Research Centre, Waters Pacific Pte Ltd., 1 Science Park Road #01-10, The Capricorn, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore 117528, SingaporeNisshin Global Research Center Sdn. Bhd., Lot. 1, Lebuh Sultan Hishamudin 2, Kawasan 20, Bandar Sultan Suleiman, Port Klang 42009, Selangor, MalaysiaInternational Food & Water Research Centre, Waters Pacific Pte Ltd., 1 Science Park Road #01-10, The Capricorn, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore 117528, SingaporeNisshin Global Research Center Sdn. Bhd., Lot. 1, Lebuh Sultan Hishamudin 2, Kawasan 20, Bandar Sultan Suleiman, Port Klang 42009, Selangor, MalaysiaNisshin Global Research Center Sdn. Bhd., Lot. 1, Lebuh Sultan Hishamudin 2, Kawasan 20, Bandar Sultan Suleiman, Port Klang 42009, Selangor, MalaysiaWaters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, Cheshire SK9 4AX, UKWaters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, Cheshire SK9 4AX, UKAlthough the use of phthalates has been restricted worldwide, they remain an issue due to health concerns. Diet is one of the most important exposure pathways for humans and due to their solubility in oil, phthalates are commonly found in edible oil and food high in fat. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using electron ionization (EI) has been commonly used for the analysis of the phthalates in foodstuffs, including edible oil. However, this method suffers from issues with sensitivity and selectivity, as most phthalates are fragmented to generate a common phthalic anhydride fragment ion at <i>m/z</i> 149. The molecular ion cannot be observed due to strong fragmentation in EI. In contrast, atmospheric pressure gas chromatography (APGC) is a soft ionization technique with less fragmentation, whereby the molecular ion can be used as the precursor ion for multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). In this study, a simple and quick method for the determination of phthalates in vegetable oil using APGC-MS/MS was developed, and performance was assessed. The method was based on dilution of the oil in solvent and direct injection without the need for further cleanup. The established method was evaluated for linearity, recovery, precision, method detection limit (MDL), and method quantitation limit (MQL). The obtained MQL in vegetable oil was in the range of 0.015–0.058 mg/kg, despite limiting the injection volume to 1 µL, which is suitable for investigating dietary exposure and future proof against decreases to the regulatory limit. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to analyze nine phthalates in eight commercially available vegetable oil.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/3/200atmospheric pressure gas chromatography (APGC)GC–MS/MSphthalates |
| spellingShingle | Yongjun Xiao Wen Yee Wong Li Yan Chan Chee Keat Yong Kosuke Abe Peter Hancock Simon Hird Simultaneous Determination of Nine Phthalates in Vegetable Oil by Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS) Toxics atmospheric pressure gas chromatography (APGC) GC–MS/MS phthalates |
| title | Simultaneous Determination of Nine Phthalates in Vegetable Oil by Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS) |
| title_full | Simultaneous Determination of Nine Phthalates in Vegetable Oil by Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS) |
| title_fullStr | Simultaneous Determination of Nine Phthalates in Vegetable Oil by Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Simultaneous Determination of Nine Phthalates in Vegetable Oil by Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS) |
| title_short | Simultaneous Determination of Nine Phthalates in Vegetable Oil by Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS) |
| title_sort | simultaneous determination of nine phthalates in vegetable oil by atmospheric pressure gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry apgc ms ms |
| topic | atmospheric pressure gas chromatography (APGC) GC–MS/MS phthalates |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/3/200 |
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