Sustainability problems of the Giza pyramids
Abstract The Pyramids complex in Giza consists of three main pyramids in addition to the famous Sphinx and small queen’s pyramids. Recently, the pyramids of Cheops (Khufu), Chephren (Khafre) and Mykerinos (Menkaure) on the Giza plateau have been threatened by a rising groundwater table resulting fro...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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SpringerOpen
2020-01-01
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| Series: | Heritage Science |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-020-0356-9 |
| _version_ | 1819168993639923712 |
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| author | Sayed Hemeda Alghreeb Sonbol |
| author_facet | Sayed Hemeda Alghreeb Sonbol |
| author_sort | Sayed Hemeda |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The Pyramids complex in Giza consists of three main pyramids in addition to the famous Sphinx and small queen’s pyramids. Recently, the pyramids of Cheops (Khufu), Chephren (Khafre) and Mykerinos (Menkaure) on the Giza plateau have been threatened by a rising groundwater table resulting from water leakage from the suburbs irrigation canals, and mass urbanization surrounding the Giza pyramids. The pyramids at Giza suffer from a lot of Geo-environmental and structural problems. The main objectives of this study are (1) to assess the current status of the preservation of this unique and high valuable archaeological site, (2) to analyze the various actions that cause the destruction of the pyramid complex, in particular the weathering activities and strong seismic event, and (3) to determine the geochemical and engineering properties for construction materials using different types of tools and advanced analytical and diagnostic techniques. Structural stability analysis requires good assessment of present conditions of major materials used such as stones and structural mortar. The paper shows a thorough analysis of the current condition of the Great Pyramids at Giza. The work includes a discussion and analysis of the natural character and source of the pyramids building stones, geological context, damage survey, petrographic investigation, and physical and mechanical characterization of the stones and structural mortars, by means of laboratory and in situ testing. The results are displayed, described and analyzed in the paper in the context of potential threats to the monuments. The experimental study indicates the dependence of mechanical geological properties on the physical properties and the mineral composition of the studied building materials. The physical and petrographic characteristic of the stones are related. The modeling of properties indicates a reliable relationship between the various visible pores and uniaxial compression force parameters that can be applied to predict and characterize limestone elsewhere. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-22T19:12:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-17fb8e4057d0423b939aca4a7223e764 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2050-7445 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-22T19:12:26Z |
| publishDate | 2020-01-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heritage Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-17fb8e4057d0423b939aca4a7223e7642022-12-21T18:15:38ZengSpringerOpenHeritage Science2050-74452020-01-018112810.1186/s40494-020-0356-9Sustainability problems of the Giza pyramidsSayed Hemeda0Alghreeb Sonbol1Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo UniversityMinistry of Tourism and AntiquitiesAbstract The Pyramids complex in Giza consists of three main pyramids in addition to the famous Sphinx and small queen’s pyramids. Recently, the pyramids of Cheops (Khufu), Chephren (Khafre) and Mykerinos (Menkaure) on the Giza plateau have been threatened by a rising groundwater table resulting from water leakage from the suburbs irrigation canals, and mass urbanization surrounding the Giza pyramids. The pyramids at Giza suffer from a lot of Geo-environmental and structural problems. The main objectives of this study are (1) to assess the current status of the preservation of this unique and high valuable archaeological site, (2) to analyze the various actions that cause the destruction of the pyramid complex, in particular the weathering activities and strong seismic event, and (3) to determine the geochemical and engineering properties for construction materials using different types of tools and advanced analytical and diagnostic techniques. Structural stability analysis requires good assessment of present conditions of major materials used such as stones and structural mortar. The paper shows a thorough analysis of the current condition of the Great Pyramids at Giza. The work includes a discussion and analysis of the natural character and source of the pyramids building stones, geological context, damage survey, petrographic investigation, and physical and mechanical characterization of the stones and structural mortars, by means of laboratory and in situ testing. The results are displayed, described and analyzed in the paper in the context of potential threats to the monuments. The experimental study indicates the dependence of mechanical geological properties on the physical properties and the mineral composition of the studied building materials. The physical and petrographic characteristic of the stones are related. The modeling of properties indicates a reliable relationship between the various visible pores and uniaxial compression force parameters that can be applied to predict and characterize limestone elsewhere.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-020-0356-9Pyramids at GizaGreat pyramid of KhufuBuilding materialsPetrophysical propertiesGeomechanical propertiesPetrophysical properties |
| spellingShingle | Sayed Hemeda Alghreeb Sonbol Sustainability problems of the Giza pyramids Heritage Science Pyramids at Giza Great pyramid of Khufu Building materials Petrophysical properties Geomechanical properties Petrophysical properties |
| title | Sustainability problems of the Giza pyramids |
| title_full | Sustainability problems of the Giza pyramids |
| title_fullStr | Sustainability problems of the Giza pyramids |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sustainability problems of the Giza pyramids |
| title_short | Sustainability problems of the Giza pyramids |
| title_sort | sustainability problems of the giza pyramids |
| topic | Pyramids at Giza Great pyramid of Khufu Building materials Petrophysical properties Geomechanical properties Petrophysical properties |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-020-0356-9 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sayedhemeda sustainabilityproblemsofthegizapyramids AT alghreebsonbol sustainabilityproblemsofthegizapyramids |