Characteristics and Correlation of the Microbial Communities and Flavor Compounds during the First Three Rounds of Fermentation in Chinese Sauce-Flavor Baijiu
Sauce-flavor Baijiu is representative of solid-state fermented Baijiu. It is significant to deeply reveal the dynamic changes of microorganisms in the manufacturing process and their impact on the formation of flavor chemicals correlated with the quality of Baijiu. Sauce-flavor Baijiu manufacturing...
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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author | Youqiang Xu Mengqin Wu Jialiang Niu Mengwei Lin Hua Zhu Kun Wang Xiuting Li Baoguo Sun |
author_facet | Youqiang Xu Mengqin Wu Jialiang Niu Mengwei Lin Hua Zhu Kun Wang Xiuting Li Baoguo Sun |
author_sort | Youqiang Xu |
collection | DOAJ |
description | Sauce-flavor Baijiu is representative of solid-state fermented Baijiu. It is significant to deeply reveal the dynamic changes of microorganisms in the manufacturing process and their impact on the formation of flavor chemicals correlated with the quality of Baijiu. Sauce-flavor Baijiu manufacturing process can be divided into seven rounds, from which seven kinds of base Baijius are produced. The quality of base Baijiu in the third round is significantly better than that in the first and second rounds, but the mystery behind the phenomenon has not yet been revealed. Based on high-throughput sequencing and flavor analysis of fermented grains, and correlation analysis, the concentrations of flavor chemicals in the third round of fermented grains were enhanced, including esters hexanoic acid, ethyl ester; octanoic acid, ethyl ester; decanoic acid, ethyl ester; dodecanoic acid, ethyl ester; phenylacetic acid, ethyl ester; 3-(methylthio)-propionic acid ethyl ester; acetic acid, phenylethyl ester; hexanoic acid, butyl ester, and other flavor chemicals closely related to the flavor of sauce-flavor Baijiu, such as tetramethylpyrazine. The changes in flavor chemicals should be an important reason for the quality improvement of the third round of base Baijiu. Correlation analysis showed that ester synthesis was promoted by the bacteria genus <i>Lactobacillus</i> and many low abundances of fungal genera, and these low abundances of fungal genera also had important contributions to the production of tetramethylpyrazine. Meanwhile, the degrading metabolic pathway of tetramethylpyrazine was investigated, and the possible microorganisms were correlated. These results clarified the base Baijiu quality improvement of the third round and helped to provide a theoretical basis for improving base Baijiu quality. |
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last_indexed | 2024-03-11T10:00:32Z |
publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
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spelling | doaj.art-17fd3e092df94ed28bff0eb3eb0510cd2023-11-16T15:23:51ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582023-01-0112120710.3390/foods12010207Characteristics and Correlation of the Microbial Communities and Flavor Compounds during the First Three Rounds of Fermentation in Chinese Sauce-Flavor BaijiuYouqiang Xu0Mengqin Wu1Jialiang Niu2Mengwei Lin3Hua Zhu4Kun Wang5Xiuting Li6Baoguo Sun7Key Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering, China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, ChinaKey Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering, China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, ChinaKey Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering, China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, ChinaKey Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering, China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, ChinaKey Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering, China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, ChinaKey Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering, China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, ChinaKey Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering, China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, ChinaKey Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering, China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, ChinaSauce-flavor Baijiu is representative of solid-state fermented Baijiu. It is significant to deeply reveal the dynamic changes of microorganisms in the manufacturing process and their impact on the formation of flavor chemicals correlated with the quality of Baijiu. Sauce-flavor Baijiu manufacturing process can be divided into seven rounds, from which seven kinds of base Baijius are produced. The quality of base Baijiu in the third round is significantly better than that in the first and second rounds, but the mystery behind the phenomenon has not yet been revealed. Based on high-throughput sequencing and flavor analysis of fermented grains, and correlation analysis, the concentrations of flavor chemicals in the third round of fermented grains were enhanced, including esters hexanoic acid, ethyl ester; octanoic acid, ethyl ester; decanoic acid, ethyl ester; dodecanoic acid, ethyl ester; phenylacetic acid, ethyl ester; 3-(methylthio)-propionic acid ethyl ester; acetic acid, phenylethyl ester; hexanoic acid, butyl ester, and other flavor chemicals closely related to the flavor of sauce-flavor Baijiu, such as tetramethylpyrazine. The changes in flavor chemicals should be an important reason for the quality improvement of the third round of base Baijiu. Correlation analysis showed that ester synthesis was promoted by the bacteria genus <i>Lactobacillus</i> and many low abundances of fungal genera, and these low abundances of fungal genera also had important contributions to the production of tetramethylpyrazine. Meanwhile, the degrading metabolic pathway of tetramethylpyrazine was investigated, and the possible microorganisms were correlated. These results clarified the base Baijiu quality improvement of the third round and helped to provide a theoretical basis for improving base Baijiu quality.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/1/207sauce-flavor Baijiumicrobial communityflavor estertetramethylpyrazinedegrading metabolic pathway |
spellingShingle | Youqiang Xu Mengqin Wu Jialiang Niu Mengwei Lin Hua Zhu Kun Wang Xiuting Li Baoguo Sun Characteristics and Correlation of the Microbial Communities and Flavor Compounds during the First Three Rounds of Fermentation in Chinese Sauce-Flavor Baijiu Foods sauce-flavor Baijiu microbial community flavor ester tetramethylpyrazine degrading metabolic pathway |
title | Characteristics and Correlation of the Microbial Communities and Flavor Compounds during the First Three Rounds of Fermentation in Chinese Sauce-Flavor Baijiu |
title_full | Characteristics and Correlation of the Microbial Communities and Flavor Compounds during the First Three Rounds of Fermentation in Chinese Sauce-Flavor Baijiu |
title_fullStr | Characteristics and Correlation of the Microbial Communities and Flavor Compounds during the First Three Rounds of Fermentation in Chinese Sauce-Flavor Baijiu |
title_full_unstemmed | Characteristics and Correlation of the Microbial Communities and Flavor Compounds during the First Three Rounds of Fermentation in Chinese Sauce-Flavor Baijiu |
title_short | Characteristics and Correlation of the Microbial Communities and Flavor Compounds during the First Three Rounds of Fermentation in Chinese Sauce-Flavor Baijiu |
title_sort | characteristics and correlation of the microbial communities and flavor compounds during the first three rounds of fermentation in chinese sauce flavor baijiu |
topic | sauce-flavor Baijiu microbial community flavor ester tetramethylpyrazine degrading metabolic pathway |
url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/1/207 |
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