Photocatalytic Reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to Methanol Using a Copper-Zirconia Imidazolate Framework
A set of novel photocatalysts, i.e., copper-zirconia imidazolate (CuZrIm) frameworks, were synthesized using different zirconia molar ratios (i.e., 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mmol). The photoreduction process of CO<sub>2</sub> to methanol in a continuous-flow stirred photoreactor at pressure and te...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Catalysts |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/11/3/346 |
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| author | Sonam Goyal Maizatul Shima Shaharun Ganaga Suriya Jayabal Chong Fai Kait Bawadi Abdullah Lim Jun Wei |
| author_facet | Sonam Goyal Maizatul Shima Shaharun Ganaga Suriya Jayabal Chong Fai Kait Bawadi Abdullah Lim Jun Wei |
| author_sort | Sonam Goyal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A set of novel photocatalysts, i.e., copper-zirconia imidazolate (CuZrIm) frameworks, were synthesized using different zirconia molar ratios (i.e., 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mmol). The photoreduction process of CO<sub>2</sub> to methanol in a continuous-flow stirred photoreactor at pressure and temperature of 1 atm and 25 °C, respectively, was studied. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized catalysts were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The highest methanol activity of 818.59 µmol/L.g was recorded when the CuZrIm1 catalyst with Cu/Zr/Im/NH<sub>4</sub>OH molar ratio of 2:1:4:2 (mmol/mmol/mmol/M) was employed. The enhanced yield is attributed to the presence of Cu<sup>2+</sup> oxidation state and the uniformly dispersed active metals. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the reaction parameters. The predicted results agreed well with the experimental ones with the correlation coefficient (<i>R<sup>2</sup></i>) of 0.99. The optimization results showed that the highest methanol activity of 1054 µmol/L.g was recorded when the optimum parameters were employed, i.e., stirring rate (540 rpm), intensity of light (275 W/m<sup>2</sup>) and photocatalyst loading (1.3 g/L). The redox potential value for the CuZrIm1 shows that the reduction potential is −1.70 V and the oxidation potential is +1.28 V for the photoreduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to methanol. The current work has established the potential utilization of the imidazolate framework as catalyst support for the photoreduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to methanol. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:02:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-17fe43f637c7413dbee2053274e3f8ee |
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| issn | 2073-4344 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:02:42Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
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| series | Catalysts |
| spelling | doaj.art-17fe43f637c7413dbee2053274e3f8ee2023-12-03T12:58:19ZengMDPI AGCatalysts2073-43442021-03-0111334610.3390/catal11030346Photocatalytic Reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to Methanol Using a Copper-Zirconia Imidazolate FrameworkSonam Goyal0Maizatul Shima Shaharun1Ganaga Suriya Jayabal2Chong Fai Kait3Bawadi Abdullah4Lim Jun Wei5Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, MalaysiaDepartment of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, MalaysiaDepartment of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, MalaysiaDepartment of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, MalaysiaChemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, MalaysiaDepartment of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, MalaysiaA set of novel photocatalysts, i.e., copper-zirconia imidazolate (CuZrIm) frameworks, were synthesized using different zirconia molar ratios (i.e., 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mmol). The photoreduction process of CO<sub>2</sub> to methanol in a continuous-flow stirred photoreactor at pressure and temperature of 1 atm and 25 °C, respectively, was studied. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized catalysts were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The highest methanol activity of 818.59 µmol/L.g was recorded when the CuZrIm1 catalyst with Cu/Zr/Im/NH<sub>4</sub>OH molar ratio of 2:1:4:2 (mmol/mmol/mmol/M) was employed. The enhanced yield is attributed to the presence of Cu<sup>2+</sup> oxidation state and the uniformly dispersed active metals. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the reaction parameters. The predicted results agreed well with the experimental ones with the correlation coefficient (<i>R<sup>2</sup></i>) of 0.99. The optimization results showed that the highest methanol activity of 1054 µmol/L.g was recorded when the optimum parameters were employed, i.e., stirring rate (540 rpm), intensity of light (275 W/m<sup>2</sup>) and photocatalyst loading (1.3 g/L). The redox potential value for the CuZrIm1 shows that the reduction potential is −1.70 V and the oxidation potential is +1.28 V for the photoreduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to methanol. The current work has established the potential utilization of the imidazolate framework as catalyst support for the photoreduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to methanol.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/11/3/346methanoloptimizationphotocatalytic reductionimidazolate framework |
| spellingShingle | Sonam Goyal Maizatul Shima Shaharun Ganaga Suriya Jayabal Chong Fai Kait Bawadi Abdullah Lim Jun Wei Photocatalytic Reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to Methanol Using a Copper-Zirconia Imidazolate Framework Catalysts methanol optimization photocatalytic reduction imidazolate framework |
| title | Photocatalytic Reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to Methanol Using a Copper-Zirconia Imidazolate Framework |
| title_full | Photocatalytic Reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to Methanol Using a Copper-Zirconia Imidazolate Framework |
| title_fullStr | Photocatalytic Reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to Methanol Using a Copper-Zirconia Imidazolate Framework |
| title_full_unstemmed | Photocatalytic Reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to Methanol Using a Copper-Zirconia Imidazolate Framework |
| title_short | Photocatalytic Reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to Methanol Using a Copper-Zirconia Imidazolate Framework |
| title_sort | photocatalytic reduction of co sub 2 sub to methanol using a copper zirconia imidazolate framework |
| topic | methanol optimization photocatalytic reduction imidazolate framework |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/11/3/346 |
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