Recent Data on Cellular Component Turnover: Focus on Adaptations to Physical Exercise
Significant progress has expanded our knowledge of the signaling pathways coordinating muscle protein turnover during various conditions including exercise. In this manuscript, the multiple mechanisms that govern the turnover of cellular components are reviewed, and their overall roles in adaptation...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-06-01
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| Series: | Cells |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/6/542 |
| _version_ | 1827833837965541376 |
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| author | Anthony MJ Sanchez Robin Candau Henri Bernardi |
| author_facet | Anthony MJ Sanchez Robin Candau Henri Bernardi |
| author_sort | Anthony MJ Sanchez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Significant progress has expanded our knowledge of the signaling pathways coordinating muscle protein turnover during various conditions including exercise. In this manuscript, the multiple mechanisms that govern the turnover of cellular components are reviewed, and their overall roles in adaptations to exercise training are discussed. Recent studies have highlighted the central role of the energy sensor (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), forkhead box class O subfamily protein (FOXO) transcription factors and the kinase mechanistic (or mammalian) target of rapamycin complex (MTOR) in the regulation of autophagy for organelle maintenance during exercise. A new cellular trafficking involving the lysosome was also revealed for full activation of MTOR and protein synthesis during recovery. Other emerging candidates have been found to be relevant in organelle turnover, especially Parkin and the mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (Mul1) pathways for mitochondrial turnover, and the glycerolipids diacylglycerol (DAG) for protein translation and FOXO regulation. Recent experiments with autophagy and mitophagy flux assessment have also provided important insights concerning mitochondrial turnover during ageing and chronic exercise. However, data in humans are often controversial and further investigations are needed to clarify the involvement of autophagy in exercise performed with additional stresses, such as hypoxia, and to understand the influence of exercise modality. Improving our knowledge of these pathways should help develop therapeutic ways to counteract muscle disorders in pathological conditions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T05:40:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-182d2b71b77d443d8374a660112bdc03 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T05:40:13Z |
| publishDate | 2019-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj.art-182d2b71b77d443d8374a660112bdc032023-09-03T06:07:08ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092019-06-018654210.3390/cells8060542cells8060542Recent Data on Cellular Component Turnover: Focus on Adaptations to Physical ExerciseAnthony MJ Sanchez0Robin Candau1Henri Bernardi2Laboratoire Européen Performance Santé Altitude, EA4604, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Faculty of Sports Sciences, F-66120 Font-Romeu, FranceUniversité de Montpellier, INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, F-34060 Montpellier, FranceINRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, F-34060 Montpellier, FranceSignificant progress has expanded our knowledge of the signaling pathways coordinating muscle protein turnover during various conditions including exercise. In this manuscript, the multiple mechanisms that govern the turnover of cellular components are reviewed, and their overall roles in adaptations to exercise training are discussed. Recent studies have highlighted the central role of the energy sensor (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), forkhead box class O subfamily protein (FOXO) transcription factors and the kinase mechanistic (or mammalian) target of rapamycin complex (MTOR) in the regulation of autophagy for organelle maintenance during exercise. A new cellular trafficking involving the lysosome was also revealed for full activation of MTOR and protein synthesis during recovery. Other emerging candidates have been found to be relevant in organelle turnover, especially Parkin and the mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (Mul1) pathways for mitochondrial turnover, and the glycerolipids diacylglycerol (DAG) for protein translation and FOXO regulation. Recent experiments with autophagy and mitophagy flux assessment have also provided important insights concerning mitochondrial turnover during ageing and chronic exercise. However, data in humans are often controversial and further investigations are needed to clarify the involvement of autophagy in exercise performed with additional stresses, such as hypoxia, and to understand the influence of exercise modality. Improving our knowledge of these pathways should help develop therapeutic ways to counteract muscle disorders in pathological conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/6/542autophagymitophagymitochondriaexerciseAMPKFOXOMTORparkin |
| spellingShingle | Anthony MJ Sanchez Robin Candau Henri Bernardi Recent Data on Cellular Component Turnover: Focus on Adaptations to Physical Exercise Cells autophagy mitophagy mitochondria exercise AMPK FOXO MTOR parkin |
| title | Recent Data on Cellular Component Turnover: Focus on Adaptations to Physical Exercise |
| title_full | Recent Data on Cellular Component Turnover: Focus on Adaptations to Physical Exercise |
| title_fullStr | Recent Data on Cellular Component Turnover: Focus on Adaptations to Physical Exercise |
| title_full_unstemmed | Recent Data on Cellular Component Turnover: Focus on Adaptations to Physical Exercise |
| title_short | Recent Data on Cellular Component Turnover: Focus on Adaptations to Physical Exercise |
| title_sort | recent data on cellular component turnover focus on adaptations to physical exercise |
| topic | autophagy mitophagy mitochondria exercise AMPK FOXO MTOR parkin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/6/542 |
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