Nitric Oxide Induced by Ammonium/Nitrate Ratio Ameliorates Low-Light Stress in <i>Brassica pekinesis</i>: Regulation of Photosynthesis and Root Architecture
Low-light intensity affects plant growth and development and, finally, causes a decrease in yield and quality. There is a need for improved cropping strategies to solve the problem. We previously demonstrated that moderate ammonium:nitrate ratio (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>:NO...
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| author | Linli Hu Xueqin Gao Yutong Li Jian Lyu Xuemei Xiao Guobin Zhang Jihua Yu |
| author_facet | Linli Hu Xueqin Gao Yutong Li Jian Lyu Xuemei Xiao Guobin Zhang Jihua Yu |
| author_sort | Linli Hu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Low-light intensity affects plant growth and development and, finally, causes a decrease in yield and quality. There is a need for improved cropping strategies to solve the problem. We previously demonstrated that moderate ammonium:nitrate ratio (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>:NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) mitigated the adverse effect caused by low-light stress, although the mechanism behind this alleviation is unclear. The hypothesis that the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) induced by moderate NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>:NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (10:90) involved in regulating photosynthesis and root architecture of <i>Brassica pekinesis</i> subjected to low-light intensity was proposed. To prove the hypothesis, a number of hydroponic experiments were conducted. The results showed that in plants exposed to low-light intensity, the exogenous donors NO (SNP) and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>:NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (N, 10:90) treatments significantly increased leaf area, growth range, and root fresh weight compared with nitrate treatment. However, the application of hemoglobin (Hb, NO scavenger), N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, NOS inhibitor), and sodium azide (NaN<sub>3</sub>, NR inhibitor) in N solution remarkably decreased the leaf area, canopy spread, the biomass of shoot and root, the surface area, and volume and tips of the root. The application of N solution and exogenous SNP significantly enhanced Pn (Net photosynthetic rate) and rETR (relative electron transport rates) compared with solo nitrate. While all these effects of N and SNP on photosynthesis, such as Pn, Fv/Fm (maximum quantum yield of PSII), Y(II) (actual photosynthetic efficiency), qP (photochemical quenching), and rETR were reversed when the application of Hb, L-NAME, and NaN<sub>3</sub> in N solution. The results also showed that the N and SNP treatments were more conducive to maintaining cell morphology, chloroplast structure, and a higher degree of grana stacking of low-light treated plants. Moreover, the application of N significantly increased the NOS and NR activities, and the NO levels in the leaves and roots of mini Chinese cabbage seedlings treated with N were significantly higher than those in nitrate-treated plants. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that NO synthesis induced by the appropriate ammonia–nitrate ratio (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>:NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> = 10:90) was involved in the regulation of photosynthesis and root structure of <i>Brassica pekinesis</i> under low-light stress, effectively alleviating low-light stress and contributing to the growth of mini Chinese cabbage under low-light stress. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:55:44Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-18524be486cc46deb253576afecff1c22023-11-17T19:37:55ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-04-01248727110.3390/ijms24087271Nitric Oxide Induced by Ammonium/Nitrate Ratio Ameliorates Low-Light Stress in <i>Brassica pekinesis</i>: Regulation of Photosynthesis and Root ArchitectureLinli Hu0Xueqin Gao1Yutong Li2Jian Lyu3Xuemei Xiao4Guobin Zhang5Jihua Yu6Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaGansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaLow-light intensity affects plant growth and development and, finally, causes a decrease in yield and quality. There is a need for improved cropping strategies to solve the problem. We previously demonstrated that moderate ammonium:nitrate ratio (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>:NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) mitigated the adverse effect caused by low-light stress, although the mechanism behind this alleviation is unclear. The hypothesis that the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) induced by moderate NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>:NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (10:90) involved in regulating photosynthesis and root architecture of <i>Brassica pekinesis</i> subjected to low-light intensity was proposed. To prove the hypothesis, a number of hydroponic experiments were conducted. The results showed that in plants exposed to low-light intensity, the exogenous donors NO (SNP) and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>:NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (N, 10:90) treatments significantly increased leaf area, growth range, and root fresh weight compared with nitrate treatment. However, the application of hemoglobin (Hb, NO scavenger), N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, NOS inhibitor), and sodium azide (NaN<sub>3</sub>, NR inhibitor) in N solution remarkably decreased the leaf area, canopy spread, the biomass of shoot and root, the surface area, and volume and tips of the root. The application of N solution and exogenous SNP significantly enhanced Pn (Net photosynthetic rate) and rETR (relative electron transport rates) compared with solo nitrate. While all these effects of N and SNP on photosynthesis, such as Pn, Fv/Fm (maximum quantum yield of PSII), Y(II) (actual photosynthetic efficiency), qP (photochemical quenching), and rETR were reversed when the application of Hb, L-NAME, and NaN<sub>3</sub> in N solution. The results also showed that the N and SNP treatments were more conducive to maintaining cell morphology, chloroplast structure, and a higher degree of grana stacking of low-light treated plants. Moreover, the application of N significantly increased the NOS and NR activities, and the NO levels in the leaves and roots of mini Chinese cabbage seedlings treated with N were significantly higher than those in nitrate-treated plants. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that NO synthesis induced by the appropriate ammonia–nitrate ratio (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>:NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> = 10:90) was involved in the regulation of photosynthesis and root structure of <i>Brassica pekinesis</i> under low-light stress, effectively alleviating low-light stress and contributing to the growth of mini Chinese cabbage under low-light stress.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/8/7271ammonium: nitrate rationitric oxidephotosynthesislow light<i>Brassica pekinesis</i> |
| spellingShingle | Linli Hu Xueqin Gao Yutong Li Jian Lyu Xuemei Xiao Guobin Zhang Jihua Yu Nitric Oxide Induced by Ammonium/Nitrate Ratio Ameliorates Low-Light Stress in <i>Brassica pekinesis</i>: Regulation of Photosynthesis and Root Architecture International Journal of Molecular Sciences ammonium: nitrate ratio nitric oxide photosynthesis low light <i>Brassica pekinesis</i> |
| title | Nitric Oxide Induced by Ammonium/Nitrate Ratio Ameliorates Low-Light Stress in <i>Brassica pekinesis</i>: Regulation of Photosynthesis and Root Architecture |
| title_full | Nitric Oxide Induced by Ammonium/Nitrate Ratio Ameliorates Low-Light Stress in <i>Brassica pekinesis</i>: Regulation of Photosynthesis and Root Architecture |
| title_fullStr | Nitric Oxide Induced by Ammonium/Nitrate Ratio Ameliorates Low-Light Stress in <i>Brassica pekinesis</i>: Regulation of Photosynthesis and Root Architecture |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nitric Oxide Induced by Ammonium/Nitrate Ratio Ameliorates Low-Light Stress in <i>Brassica pekinesis</i>: Regulation of Photosynthesis and Root Architecture |
| title_short | Nitric Oxide Induced by Ammonium/Nitrate Ratio Ameliorates Low-Light Stress in <i>Brassica pekinesis</i>: Regulation of Photosynthesis and Root Architecture |
| title_sort | nitric oxide induced by ammonium nitrate ratio ameliorates low light stress in i brassica pekinesis i regulation of photosynthesis and root architecture |
| topic | ammonium: nitrate ratio nitric oxide photosynthesis low light <i>Brassica pekinesis</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/8/7271 |
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