Helper Innate Lymphoid Cells—Unappreciated Players in Melanoma Therapy
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and targeted therapy have dramatically changed the outcome of metastatic melanoma patients. Although immune checkpoints were developed based on the biology of adaptive T cells, they have subsequently been shown to be expressed by other subsets of immune cells. Sim...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Cancers |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/3/933 |
| _version_ | 1797624941791674368 |
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| author | Cinzia Garofalo Annamaria Cerantonio Carolina Muscoli Vincenzo Mollace Giuseppe Viglietto Carmela De Marco Costanza Maria Cristiani |
| author_facet | Cinzia Garofalo Annamaria Cerantonio Carolina Muscoli Vincenzo Mollace Giuseppe Viglietto Carmela De Marco Costanza Maria Cristiani |
| author_sort | Cinzia Garofalo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and targeted therapy have dramatically changed the outcome of metastatic melanoma patients. Although immune checkpoints were developed based on the biology of adaptive T cells, they have subsequently been shown to be expressed by other subsets of immune cells. Similarly, the immunomodulatory properties of targeted therapy have been studied primarily with respect to T lymphocytes, but other subsets of immune cells could be affected. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are considered the innate counterpart of T lymphocytes and include cytotoxic natural killer cells, as well as three helper subsets, ILC1, ILC2 and ILC3. Thanks to their tissue distribution and their ability to respond rapidly to environmental stimuli, ILCs play a central role in shaping immunity. While the role of NK cells in melanoma physiopathology and therapy is well established, little is known about the other helper ILC subsets. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the ability of the melanoma TME to influence the phenotype and functional plasticity of helper ILCs and highlight how this subset may in turn shape the TME. We also discuss changes in the melanoma TME induced by targeted therapy that could affect helper ILC functions, the expression of immune checkpoints on this subset and how their inhibition by ICIs may modulate helper ILC function and contribute to therapeutic efficacy. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:49:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-18610c4450d143b488ebbbd0d5c67810 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6694 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:49:47Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cancers |
| spelling | doaj.art-18610c4450d143b488ebbbd0d5c678102023-11-16T16:19:19ZengMDPI AGCancers2072-66942023-02-0115393310.3390/cancers15030933Helper Innate Lymphoid Cells—Unappreciated Players in Melanoma TherapyCinzia Garofalo0Annamaria Cerantonio1Carolina Muscoli2Vincenzo Mollace3Giuseppe Viglietto4Carmela De Marco5Costanza Maria Cristiani6Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Græcia” University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Græcia” University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyDepartment of Health Science, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), “Magna Græcia” University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyDepartment of Health Science, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), “Magna Græcia” University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Græcia” University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Græcia” University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Græcia” University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and targeted therapy have dramatically changed the outcome of metastatic melanoma patients. Although immune checkpoints were developed based on the biology of adaptive T cells, they have subsequently been shown to be expressed by other subsets of immune cells. Similarly, the immunomodulatory properties of targeted therapy have been studied primarily with respect to T lymphocytes, but other subsets of immune cells could be affected. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are considered the innate counterpart of T lymphocytes and include cytotoxic natural killer cells, as well as three helper subsets, ILC1, ILC2 and ILC3. Thanks to their tissue distribution and their ability to respond rapidly to environmental stimuli, ILCs play a central role in shaping immunity. While the role of NK cells in melanoma physiopathology and therapy is well established, little is known about the other helper ILC subsets. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the ability of the melanoma TME to influence the phenotype and functional plasticity of helper ILCs and highlight how this subset may in turn shape the TME. We also discuss changes in the melanoma TME induced by targeted therapy that could affect helper ILC functions, the expression of immune checkpoints on this subset and how their inhibition by ICIs may modulate helper ILC function and contribute to therapeutic efficacy.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/3/933innate lymphoid cellsmelanomatumor microenvironmentimmune therapyimmune checkpoints inhibitorstargeted therapy |
| spellingShingle | Cinzia Garofalo Annamaria Cerantonio Carolina Muscoli Vincenzo Mollace Giuseppe Viglietto Carmela De Marco Costanza Maria Cristiani Helper Innate Lymphoid Cells—Unappreciated Players in Melanoma Therapy Cancers innate lymphoid cells melanoma tumor microenvironment immune therapy immune checkpoints inhibitors targeted therapy |
| title | Helper Innate Lymphoid Cells—Unappreciated Players in Melanoma Therapy |
| title_full | Helper Innate Lymphoid Cells—Unappreciated Players in Melanoma Therapy |
| title_fullStr | Helper Innate Lymphoid Cells—Unappreciated Players in Melanoma Therapy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Helper Innate Lymphoid Cells—Unappreciated Players in Melanoma Therapy |
| title_short | Helper Innate Lymphoid Cells—Unappreciated Players in Melanoma Therapy |
| title_sort | helper innate lymphoid cells unappreciated players in melanoma therapy |
| topic | innate lymphoid cells melanoma tumor microenvironment immune therapy immune checkpoints inhibitors targeted therapy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/3/933 |
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