Color Measurement and Analysis of Fruit with a Battery-Less NFC Sensor
This paper presents a color-based classification system for grading the ripeness of fruit using a battery-less Near Field Communication (NFC) tag. The tag consists of a color sensor connected to a low-power microcontroller that is connected to an NFC chip. The tag is powered by the energy harvested...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-04-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/7/1741 |
| _version_ | 1811300427395760128 |
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| author | Antonio Lazaro Marti Boada Ramon Villarino David Girbau |
| author_facet | Antonio Lazaro Marti Boada Ramon Villarino David Girbau |
| author_sort | Antonio Lazaro |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper presents a color-based classification system for grading the ripeness of fruit using a battery-less Near Field Communication (NFC) tag. The tag consists of a color sensor connected to a low-power microcontroller that is connected to an NFC chip. The tag is powered by the energy harvested from the magnetic field generated by a commercial smartphone used as a reader. The raw RGB color data measured by the colorimeter is converted to HSV (hue, saturation, value) color space. The hue angle and saturation are used as features for classification. Different classification algorithms are compared for classifying the ripeness of different fruits in order to show the robustness of the system. The low cost of NFC chips means that tags with sensing capability can be manufactured economically. In addition, nowadays, most commercial smartphones have NFC capability and thus a specific reader is not necessary. The measurement of different samples obtained on different days is used to train the classification algorithms. The results of training the classifiers have been saved to the cloud. A mobile application has been developed for the prediction based on a table-based method, where the boundary decision is downloaded from a cloud service for each product. High accuracy, between 80 and 93%, is obtained depending on the kind of fruit and the algorithm used. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T06:50:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-189bc24c6a744e658d52bf22b7b6bbbf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T06:50:59Z |
| publishDate | 2019-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-189bc24c6a744e658d52bf22b7b6bbbf2022-12-22T02:57:23ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202019-04-01197174110.3390/s19071741s19071741Color Measurement and Analysis of Fruit with a Battery-Less NFC SensorAntonio Lazaro0Marti Boada1Ramon Villarino2David Girbau3Department of Electronic, Electric and Automatic Control Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, SpainDepartment of Electronic, Electric and Automatic Control Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, SpainDepartment of Electronic, Electric and Automatic Control Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, SpainDepartment of Electronic, Electric and Automatic Control Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, SpainThis paper presents a color-based classification system for grading the ripeness of fruit using a battery-less Near Field Communication (NFC) tag. The tag consists of a color sensor connected to a low-power microcontroller that is connected to an NFC chip. The tag is powered by the energy harvested from the magnetic field generated by a commercial smartphone used as a reader. The raw RGB color data measured by the colorimeter is converted to HSV (hue, saturation, value) color space. The hue angle and saturation are used as features for classification. Different classification algorithms are compared for classifying the ripeness of different fruits in order to show the robustness of the system. The low cost of NFC chips means that tags with sensing capability can be manufactured economically. In addition, nowadays, most commercial smartphones have NFC capability and thus a specific reader is not necessary. The measurement of different samples obtained on different days is used to train the classification algorithms. The results of training the classifiers have been saved to the cloud. A mobile application has been developed for the prediction based on a table-based method, where the boundary decision is downloaded from a cloud service for each product. High accuracy, between 80 and 93%, is obtained depending on the kind of fruit and the algorithm used.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/7/1741battery-lesscolor sensorNear Field CommunicationRadio Frequency Identification (RFID)energy harvestingfood qualityclassificationSupport Vector Machine (SVM)machine learningInternet of Things (IoT) |
| spellingShingle | Antonio Lazaro Marti Boada Ramon Villarino David Girbau Color Measurement and Analysis of Fruit with a Battery-Less NFC Sensor Sensors battery-less color sensor Near Field Communication Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) energy harvesting food quality classification Support Vector Machine (SVM) machine learning Internet of Things (IoT) |
| title | Color Measurement and Analysis of Fruit with a Battery-Less NFC Sensor |
| title_full | Color Measurement and Analysis of Fruit with a Battery-Less NFC Sensor |
| title_fullStr | Color Measurement and Analysis of Fruit with a Battery-Less NFC Sensor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Color Measurement and Analysis of Fruit with a Battery-Less NFC Sensor |
| title_short | Color Measurement and Analysis of Fruit with a Battery-Less NFC Sensor |
| title_sort | color measurement and analysis of fruit with a battery less nfc sensor |
| topic | battery-less color sensor Near Field Communication Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) energy harvesting food quality classification Support Vector Machine (SVM) machine learning Internet of Things (IoT) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/7/1741 |
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