Cell-Biological Requirements for the Generation of Dentate Gyrus Granule Neurons
The dentate gyrus (DG) receives highly processed information from the associative cortices functionally integrated in the trisynaptic hippocampal circuit, which contributes to the formation of new episodic memories and the spontaneous exploration of novel environments. Remarkably, the DG is the only...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2018-11-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fncel.2018.00402/full |
| _version_ | 1818571604192395264 |
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| author | Maryam Hatami Sabine Conrad Pooyan Naghsh Gonzalo Alvarez-Bolado Thomas Skutella |
| author_facet | Maryam Hatami Sabine Conrad Pooyan Naghsh Gonzalo Alvarez-Bolado Thomas Skutella |
| author_sort | Maryam Hatami |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The dentate gyrus (DG) receives highly processed information from the associative cortices functionally integrated in the trisynaptic hippocampal circuit, which contributes to the formation of new episodic memories and the spontaneous exploration of novel environments. Remarkably, the DG is the only brain region currently known to have high rates of neurogenesis in adults (Andersen et al., 1966, 1971). The DG is involved in several neurodegenerative disorders, including clinical dementia, schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder and temporal lobe epilepsy. The principal neurons of the DG are the granule cells. DG granule cells generated in culture would be an ideal model to investigate their normal development and the causes of the pathologies in which they are involved and as well as possible therapies. Essential to establish such in vitro models is the precise definition of the most important cell-biological requirements for the differentiation of DG granule cells. This requires a deeper understanding of the precise molecular and functional attributes of the DG granule cells in vivo as well as the DG cells derived in vitro. In this review we outline the neuroanatomical, molecular and cell-biological components of the granule cell differentiation pathway, including some growth- and transcription factors essential for their development. We summarize the functional characteristics of DG granule neurons, including the electrophysiological features of immature and mature granule cells and the axonal pathfinding characteristics of DG neurons. Additionally, we discuss landmark studies on the generation of dorsal telencephalic precursors from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) as well as DG neuron differentiation in culture. Finally, we provide an outlook and comment critical aspects. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T13:58:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-18b39fcdfb914e6fbbd1c184013733d0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1662-5102 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T13:58:14Z |
| publishDate | 2018-11-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience |
| spelling | doaj.art-18b39fcdfb914e6fbbd1c184013733d02022-12-21T22:58:47ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience1662-51022018-11-011210.3389/fncel.2018.00402418640Cell-Biological Requirements for the Generation of Dentate Gyrus Granule NeuronsMaryam Hatami0Sabine Conrad1Pooyan Naghsh2Gonzalo Alvarez-Bolado3Thomas Skutella4Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, GermanyIndependent Researcher, Tübingen, GermanyDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, CanadaInstitute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, GermanyInstitute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, GermanyThe dentate gyrus (DG) receives highly processed information from the associative cortices functionally integrated in the trisynaptic hippocampal circuit, which contributes to the formation of new episodic memories and the spontaneous exploration of novel environments. Remarkably, the DG is the only brain region currently known to have high rates of neurogenesis in adults (Andersen et al., 1966, 1971). The DG is involved in several neurodegenerative disorders, including clinical dementia, schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder and temporal lobe epilepsy. The principal neurons of the DG are the granule cells. DG granule cells generated in culture would be an ideal model to investigate their normal development and the causes of the pathologies in which they are involved and as well as possible therapies. Essential to establish such in vitro models is the precise definition of the most important cell-biological requirements for the differentiation of DG granule cells. This requires a deeper understanding of the precise molecular and functional attributes of the DG granule cells in vivo as well as the DG cells derived in vitro. In this review we outline the neuroanatomical, molecular and cell-biological components of the granule cell differentiation pathway, including some growth- and transcription factors essential for their development. We summarize the functional characteristics of DG granule neurons, including the electrophysiological features of immature and mature granule cells and the axonal pathfinding characteristics of DG neurons. Additionally, we discuss landmark studies on the generation of dorsal telencephalic precursors from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) as well as DG neuron differentiation in culture. Finally, we provide an outlook and comment critical aspects.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fncel.2018.00402/fulldentate gyrusgranule cellsinduced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)in vitrorequirements |
| spellingShingle | Maryam Hatami Sabine Conrad Pooyan Naghsh Gonzalo Alvarez-Bolado Thomas Skutella Cell-Biological Requirements for the Generation of Dentate Gyrus Granule Neurons Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience dentate gyrus granule cells induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) in vitro requirements |
| title | Cell-Biological Requirements for the Generation of Dentate Gyrus Granule Neurons |
| title_full | Cell-Biological Requirements for the Generation of Dentate Gyrus Granule Neurons |
| title_fullStr | Cell-Biological Requirements for the Generation of Dentate Gyrus Granule Neurons |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cell-Biological Requirements for the Generation of Dentate Gyrus Granule Neurons |
| title_short | Cell-Biological Requirements for the Generation of Dentate Gyrus Granule Neurons |
| title_sort | cell biological requirements for the generation of dentate gyrus granule neurons |
| topic | dentate gyrus granule cells induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) in vitro requirements |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fncel.2018.00402/full |
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