CNT-PUFs: Highly Robust and Heat-Tolerant Carbon-Nanotube-Based Physical Unclonable Functions
In this work, we explored a highly robust and unique Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) based on the stochastic assembly of single-walled Carbon NanoTubes (CNTs) integrated within a wafer-level technology. Our work demonstrated that the proposed CNT-based PUFs are exceptionally robust with an averag...
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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Series: | Nanomaterials |
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author | Florian Frank Simon Böttger Nico Mexis Nikolaos Athanasios Anagnostopoulos Ali Mohamed Martin Hartmann Harald Kuhn Christian Helke Tolga Arul Stefan Katzenbeisser Sascha Hermann |
author_facet | Florian Frank Simon Böttger Nico Mexis Nikolaos Athanasios Anagnostopoulos Ali Mohamed Martin Hartmann Harald Kuhn Christian Helke Tolga Arul Stefan Katzenbeisser Sascha Hermann |
author_sort | Florian Frank |
collection | DOAJ |
description | In this work, we explored a highly robust and unique Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) based on the stochastic assembly of single-walled Carbon NanoTubes (CNTs) integrated within a wafer-level technology. Our work demonstrated that the proposed CNT-based PUFs are exceptionally robust with an average fractional intra-device Hamming distance well below 0.01 both at room temperature and under varying temperatures in the range from 23 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>∘</mo></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> to 120 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>∘</mo></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. We attributed the excellent heat tolerance to comparatively low activation energies of less than 40 meV extracted from an Arrhenius plot. As the number of unstable bits in the examined implementation is extremely low, our devices allow for a lightweight and simple error correction, just by selecting stable cells, thereby diminishing the need for complex error correction. Through a significant number of tests, we demonstrated the capability of novel nanomaterial devices to serve as highly efficient hardware security primitives. |
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id | doaj.art-18b5a07d886c425a95c76dce233c15df |
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language | English |
last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:32:59Z |
publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
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spelling | doaj.art-18b5a07d886c425a95c76dce233c15df2023-11-24T14:58:49ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912023-11-011322293010.3390/nano13222930CNT-PUFs: Highly Robust and Heat-Tolerant Carbon-Nanotube-Based Physical Unclonable FunctionsFlorian Frank0Simon Böttger1Nico Mexis2Nikolaos Athanasios Anagnostopoulos3Ali Mohamed4Martin Hartmann5Harald Kuhn6Christian Helke7Tolga Arul8Stefan Katzenbeisser9Sascha Hermann10Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, University of Passau, Innstraße 43, 94032 Passau, GermanyCenter for Microtechnologies, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09126 Chemnitz, GermanyFaculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, University of Passau, Innstraße 43, 94032 Passau, GermanyFaculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, University of Passau, Innstraße 43, 94032 Passau, GermanyCenter for Microtechnologies, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09126 Chemnitz, GermanyCenter for Microtechnologies, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09126 Chemnitz, GermanyCenter for Microtechnologies, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09126 Chemnitz, GermanyCenter for Microtechnologies, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09126 Chemnitz, GermanyFaculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, University of Passau, Innstraße 43, 94032 Passau, GermanyCenter for Microtechnologies, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09126 Chemnitz, GermanyCenter for Microtechnologies, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09126 Chemnitz, GermanyIn this work, we explored a highly robust and unique Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) based on the stochastic assembly of single-walled Carbon NanoTubes (CNTs) integrated within a wafer-level technology. Our work demonstrated that the proposed CNT-based PUFs are exceptionally robust with an average fractional intra-device Hamming distance well below 0.01 both at room temperature and under varying temperatures in the range from 23 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>∘</mo></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> to 120 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>∘</mo></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. We attributed the excellent heat tolerance to comparatively low activation energies of less than 40 meV extracted from an Arrhenius plot. As the number of unstable bits in the examined implementation is extremely low, our devices allow for a lightweight and simple error correction, just by selecting stable cells, thereby diminishing the need for complex error correction. Through a significant number of tests, we demonstrated the capability of novel nanomaterial devices to serve as highly efficient hardware security primitives.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/13/22/2930Carbon NanoTube (CNT)Physical Unclonable Function (PUF)Nanomaterials (NMs)hardware securitysecurityprivacy |
spellingShingle | Florian Frank Simon Böttger Nico Mexis Nikolaos Athanasios Anagnostopoulos Ali Mohamed Martin Hartmann Harald Kuhn Christian Helke Tolga Arul Stefan Katzenbeisser Sascha Hermann CNT-PUFs: Highly Robust and Heat-Tolerant Carbon-Nanotube-Based Physical Unclonable Functions Nanomaterials Carbon NanoTube (CNT) Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) Nanomaterials (NMs) hardware security security privacy |
title | CNT-PUFs: Highly Robust and Heat-Tolerant Carbon-Nanotube-Based Physical Unclonable Functions |
title_full | CNT-PUFs: Highly Robust and Heat-Tolerant Carbon-Nanotube-Based Physical Unclonable Functions |
title_fullStr | CNT-PUFs: Highly Robust and Heat-Tolerant Carbon-Nanotube-Based Physical Unclonable Functions |
title_full_unstemmed | CNT-PUFs: Highly Robust and Heat-Tolerant Carbon-Nanotube-Based Physical Unclonable Functions |
title_short | CNT-PUFs: Highly Robust and Heat-Tolerant Carbon-Nanotube-Based Physical Unclonable Functions |
title_sort | cnt pufs highly robust and heat tolerant carbon nanotube based physical unclonable functions |
topic | Carbon NanoTube (CNT) Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) Nanomaterials (NMs) hardware security security privacy |
url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/13/22/2930 |
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