Fault Tolerant DHT-Based Routing in MANET
In Distributed Hash Table (DHT)-based Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), a logical structured network (i.e., follows a tree, ring, chord, 3D, etc., structure) is built over the ad hoc physical topology in a distributed manner. The logical structures guide routing processes and eliminate flooding at th...
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/11/4280 |
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| author | Saleem Zahid Kifayat Ullah Abdul Waheed Sadia Basar Mahdi Zareei Rajesh Roshan Biswal |
| author_facet | Saleem Zahid Kifayat Ullah Abdul Waheed Sadia Basar Mahdi Zareei Rajesh Roshan Biswal |
| author_sort | Saleem Zahid |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In Distributed Hash Table (DHT)-based Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), a logical structured network (i.e., follows a tree, ring, chord, 3D, etc., structure) is built over the ad hoc physical topology in a distributed manner. The logical structures guide routing processes and eliminate flooding at the control and the data plans, thus making the system scalable. However, limited radio range, mobility, and lack of infrastructure introduce frequent and unpredictable changes to network topology, i.e., connectivity/dis-connectivity, node/link failure, network partition, and frequent merging. Moreover, every single change in the physical topology has an associated impact on the logical structured network and results in unevenly distributed and disrupted logical structures. This completely halts communication in the logical network, even physically connected nodes would not remain reachable due to disrupted logical structure, and unavailability of index information maintained at anchor nodes (ANs) in DHT networks. Therefore, distributed solutions are needed to tolerate faults in the logical network and provide end-to-end connectivity in such an adversarial environment. This paper defines the scope of the problem in the context of DHT networks and contributes a Fault-Tolerant DHT-based routing protocol (FTDN). FTDN, using a cross-layer design approach, investigates network dynamics in the physical network and adaptively makes arrangements to tolerate faults in the logically structured DHT network. In particular, FTDN ensures network availability (i.e., maintains connected and evenly distributed logical structures and ensures access to index information) in the face of failures and significantly improves performance. Analysis and simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed solutions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:50:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-18f0c3092c24487ba3b24a94cd1ad392 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:50:38Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-18f0c3092c24487ba3b24a94cd1ad3922023-11-23T14:51:26ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202022-06-012211428010.3390/s22114280Fault Tolerant DHT-Based Routing in MANETSaleem Zahid0Kifayat Ullah1Abdul Waheed2Sadia Basar3Mahdi Zareei4Rajesh Roshan Biswal5Institute of Computer Science & Information Technology, FMCS, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25130, PakistanDepartment of Computer Science, CECOS University, Peshawar 25000, PakistanDepartment of Computer Science, Northern University, Nowshera 24100, PakistanDepartment of Information Technology, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra 21120, PakistanSchool of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Zapopan 45201, MexicoSchool of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Zapopan 45201, MexicoIn Distributed Hash Table (DHT)-based Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), a logical structured network (i.e., follows a tree, ring, chord, 3D, etc., structure) is built over the ad hoc physical topology in a distributed manner. The logical structures guide routing processes and eliminate flooding at the control and the data plans, thus making the system scalable. However, limited radio range, mobility, and lack of infrastructure introduce frequent and unpredictable changes to network topology, i.e., connectivity/dis-connectivity, node/link failure, network partition, and frequent merging. Moreover, every single change in the physical topology has an associated impact on the logical structured network and results in unevenly distributed and disrupted logical structures. This completely halts communication in the logical network, even physically connected nodes would not remain reachable due to disrupted logical structure, and unavailability of index information maintained at anchor nodes (ANs) in DHT networks. Therefore, distributed solutions are needed to tolerate faults in the logical network and provide end-to-end connectivity in such an adversarial environment. This paper defines the scope of the problem in the context of DHT networks and contributes a Fault-Tolerant DHT-based routing protocol (FTDN). FTDN, using a cross-layer design approach, investigates network dynamics in the physical network and adaptively makes arrangements to tolerate faults in the logically structured DHT network. In particular, FTDN ensures network availability (i.e., maintains connected and evenly distributed logical structures and ensures access to index information) in the face of failures and significantly improves performance. Analysis and simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed solutions.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/11/4280Distributed Hash Table (DHT)fault toleranceMobile Adhoc Networks (MANET)routing |
| spellingShingle | Saleem Zahid Kifayat Ullah Abdul Waheed Sadia Basar Mahdi Zareei Rajesh Roshan Biswal Fault Tolerant DHT-Based Routing in MANET Sensors Distributed Hash Table (DHT) fault tolerance Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANET) routing |
| title | Fault Tolerant DHT-Based Routing in MANET |
| title_full | Fault Tolerant DHT-Based Routing in MANET |
| title_fullStr | Fault Tolerant DHT-Based Routing in MANET |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fault Tolerant DHT-Based Routing in MANET |
| title_short | Fault Tolerant DHT-Based Routing in MANET |
| title_sort | fault tolerant dht based routing in manet |
| topic | Distributed Hash Table (DHT) fault tolerance Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANET) routing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/11/4280 |
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