The Association of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> with the Combination of Cardiovascular Disease, Chronic Kidney Disease, or Chronic Liver Disease: A Preliminary Study
<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> is a protozoan parasite widespread worldwide, with over 40 million individuals in the United States. It may infect vital organs such as the heart, kidneys, and liver, resulting in chronic infections. The main objective of this study is to investigate the associat...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Medical Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/11/4/65 |
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| author | Amani Babekir Sayed Mostafa Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi |
| author_facet | Amani Babekir Sayed Mostafa Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi |
| author_sort | Amani Babekir |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> is a protozoan parasite widespread worldwide, with over 40 million individuals in the United States. It may infect vital organs such as the heart, kidneys, and liver, resulting in chronic infections. The main objective of this study is to investigate the association of <i>Toxoplasma</i> infection with the combination of cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD), or chronic liver disease (CLD). The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2009–2010) data were used, and the association of infection with chronic disease was assessed with biomarkers and indexes using statistical modeling. The percentage of participants with a combination of CLD and CKD was higher among <i>Toxoplasma</i> positive participants compared to the negative participants (2.76 vs. 1.26). Furthermore, exposure to <i>T. gondii</i> may increase the odds of cardiovascular disease, CKD, or CLD, or vice versa. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:32:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-18f84e84a9f74c88aabd1e6a69e3b6a9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3271 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:32:34Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Medical Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-18f84e84a9f74c88aabd1e6a69e3b6a92023-12-22T14:24:11ZengMDPI AGMedical Sciences2076-32712023-10-011146510.3390/medsci11040065The Association of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> with the Combination of Cardiovascular Disease, Chronic Kidney Disease, or Chronic Liver Disease: A Preliminary StudyAmani Babekir0Sayed Mostafa1Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi2Department of Built Environment, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USADepartment of Mathematics and Statistics, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USADepartment of Built Environment, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> is a protozoan parasite widespread worldwide, with over 40 million individuals in the United States. It may infect vital organs such as the heart, kidneys, and liver, resulting in chronic infections. The main objective of this study is to investigate the association of <i>Toxoplasma</i> infection with the combination of cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD), or chronic liver disease (CLD). The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2009–2010) data were used, and the association of infection with chronic disease was assessed with biomarkers and indexes using statistical modeling. The percentage of participants with a combination of CLD and CKD was higher among <i>Toxoplasma</i> positive participants compared to the negative participants (2.76 vs. 1.26). Furthermore, exposure to <i>T. gondii</i> may increase the odds of cardiovascular disease, CKD, or CLD, or vice versa.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/11/4/65<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>cardiovascularkidneyliverimmuneU.S. |
| spellingShingle | Amani Babekir Sayed Mostafa Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi The Association of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> with the Combination of Cardiovascular Disease, Chronic Kidney Disease, or Chronic Liver Disease: A Preliminary Study Medical Sciences <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> cardiovascular kidney liver immune U.S. |
| title | The Association of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> with the Combination of Cardiovascular Disease, Chronic Kidney Disease, or Chronic Liver Disease: A Preliminary Study |
| title_full | The Association of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> with the Combination of Cardiovascular Disease, Chronic Kidney Disease, or Chronic Liver Disease: A Preliminary Study |
| title_fullStr | The Association of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> with the Combination of Cardiovascular Disease, Chronic Kidney Disease, or Chronic Liver Disease: A Preliminary Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Association of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> with the Combination of Cardiovascular Disease, Chronic Kidney Disease, or Chronic Liver Disease: A Preliminary Study |
| title_short | The Association of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> with the Combination of Cardiovascular Disease, Chronic Kidney Disease, or Chronic Liver Disease: A Preliminary Study |
| title_sort | association of i toxoplasma gondii i with the combination of cardiovascular disease chronic kidney disease or chronic liver disease a preliminary study |
| topic | <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> cardiovascular kidney liver immune U.S. |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/11/4/65 |
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