A dark matter in sake brewing: Origin of microbes producing a Kimoto-style fermentation starter
IntroductionIn Kimoto-style fermentation, a fermentation starter is produced before the primary brewing process to stabilize fermentation. Nitrate-reducing bacteria, mainly derived from brewing water, produce nitrite, and lactic acid bacteria such as Leuconostoc can proliferate because of their tole...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Microbiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1112638/full |
| _version_ | 1828044997945982976 |
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| author | Kohei Ito Ryo Niwa Ryo Niwa Ken Kobayashi Tomoyuki Nakagawa Genki Hoshino Yuji Tsuchida |
| author_facet | Kohei Ito Ryo Niwa Ryo Niwa Ken Kobayashi Tomoyuki Nakagawa Genki Hoshino Yuji Tsuchida |
| author_sort | Kohei Ito |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | IntroductionIn Kimoto-style fermentation, a fermentation starter is produced before the primary brewing process to stabilize fermentation. Nitrate-reducing bacteria, mainly derived from brewing water, produce nitrite, and lactic acid bacteria such as Leuconostoc can proliferate because of their tolerance toward low temperature and their low nutritional requirements. Later, Lactobacillus becomes the dominant genus, leading to weakly acidic conditions that contribute to control yeasts and undesired bacterial contaminants. However, the sources of these microorganisms that play a pivotal role in Sake brewing have not yet been revealed. Thus, comprehensive elucidation of the microbiome is necessary.MethodsIn this study, we performed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing analysis after sampling from floor, equipment surfaces, and raw materials for making fermentation starters, including koji, and water in Tsuchida Sake brewery, Gunma, Japan.ResultsAmplicon sequence variants (ASVs) between the external environments and the fermentation starter were compared, and it was verified that the microorganisms in the external environments, such as built environments, equipment surfaces, and raw materials in the sake brewery, were introduced into the fermentation starter. Furthermore, various adventitious microbes present in the fermentation starter of early days and from the external environments were detected in a nonnegligible proportion in the starter, which may impact the taste and flavor.DiscussionThese findings illuminate the uncharacterized microbial dark matter of sake brewing, the sources of microbes in Kimoto-style fermentation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-10T18:03:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-19040c5a00e54759a20e99e9be933045 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-302X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-10T18:03:30Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-19040c5a00e54759a20e99e9be9330452023-02-02T13:43:43ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Microbiology1664-302X2023-02-011410.3389/fmicb.2023.11126381112638A dark matter in sake brewing: Origin of microbes producing a Kimoto-style fermentation starterKohei Ito0Ryo Niwa1Ryo Niwa2Ken Kobayashi3Tomoyuki Nakagawa4Genki Hoshino5Yuji Tsuchida6BIOTA Inc., Tokyo, JapanBIOTA Inc., Tokyo, JapanGraduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanBIOTA Inc., Tokyo, JapanFaculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, JapanTsuchida Sake Brewing Company, Gunma, JapanTsuchida Sake Brewing Company, Gunma, JapanIntroductionIn Kimoto-style fermentation, a fermentation starter is produced before the primary brewing process to stabilize fermentation. Nitrate-reducing bacteria, mainly derived from brewing water, produce nitrite, and lactic acid bacteria such as Leuconostoc can proliferate because of their tolerance toward low temperature and their low nutritional requirements. Later, Lactobacillus becomes the dominant genus, leading to weakly acidic conditions that contribute to control yeasts and undesired bacterial contaminants. However, the sources of these microorganisms that play a pivotal role in Sake brewing have not yet been revealed. Thus, comprehensive elucidation of the microbiome is necessary.MethodsIn this study, we performed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing analysis after sampling from floor, equipment surfaces, and raw materials for making fermentation starters, including koji, and water in Tsuchida Sake brewery, Gunma, Japan.ResultsAmplicon sequence variants (ASVs) between the external environments and the fermentation starter were compared, and it was verified that the microorganisms in the external environments, such as built environments, equipment surfaces, and raw materials in the sake brewery, were introduced into the fermentation starter. Furthermore, various adventitious microbes present in the fermentation starter of early days and from the external environments were detected in a nonnegligible proportion in the starter, which may impact the taste and flavor.DiscussionThese findings illuminate the uncharacterized microbial dark matter of sake brewing, the sources of microbes in Kimoto-style fermentation.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1112638/fullJapanese sakemicrobial fermentationKuratsukimicrobiomeKimoto-style |
| spellingShingle | Kohei Ito Ryo Niwa Ryo Niwa Ken Kobayashi Tomoyuki Nakagawa Genki Hoshino Yuji Tsuchida A dark matter in sake brewing: Origin of microbes producing a Kimoto-style fermentation starter Frontiers in Microbiology Japanese sake microbial fermentation Kuratsuki microbiome Kimoto-style |
| title | A dark matter in sake brewing: Origin of microbes producing a Kimoto-style fermentation starter |
| title_full | A dark matter in sake brewing: Origin of microbes producing a Kimoto-style fermentation starter |
| title_fullStr | A dark matter in sake brewing: Origin of microbes producing a Kimoto-style fermentation starter |
| title_full_unstemmed | A dark matter in sake brewing: Origin of microbes producing a Kimoto-style fermentation starter |
| title_short | A dark matter in sake brewing: Origin of microbes producing a Kimoto-style fermentation starter |
| title_sort | dark matter in sake brewing origin of microbes producing a kimoto style fermentation starter |
| topic | Japanese sake microbial fermentation Kuratsuki microbiome Kimoto-style |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1112638/full |
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