Exopolysaccharide from <i>Porphyridium cruentum</i> (<i>purpureum</i>) is Not Toxic and Stimulates Immune Response against Vibriosis: The Assessment Using Zebrafish and White Shrimp <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i>
Exopolysaccharides, or extracellular polysaccharides (EPS, sPS), represent a valuable metabolite compound synthesized from red microalgae. It is a non-toxic natural agent and can be applied as an immunostimulant. The toxicity test of exopolysaccharides from <i>Porphyridium</i> has been d...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Marine Drugs |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/19/3/133 |
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| author | Yenny Risjani Nurul Mutmainnah Praprianita Manurung Siti Narsito Wulan Yunianta |
| author_facet | Yenny Risjani Nurul Mutmainnah Praprianita Manurung Siti Narsito Wulan Yunianta |
| author_sort | Yenny Risjani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Exopolysaccharides, or extracellular polysaccharides (EPS, sPS), represent a valuable metabolite compound synthesized from red microalgae. It is a non-toxic natural agent and can be applied as an immunostimulant. The toxicity test of exopolysaccharides from <i>Porphyridium</i> has been done in vivo using zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) embryonic model, or the ZET (zebrafish embryotoxicity test). The administration of extracellular polysaccharides or exopolysaccharides (EPS) from microalgae <i>Porphyridium cruentum</i> (synonym: <i>P. purpureum</i>) to shrimps <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i> was investigated to determine the effect of this immunostimulant on their non-specific immune response and to test if this compound can be used as a protective agent for shrimps in relation to Vibrio infection. For immune response, exopolysaccharides were given to shrimps via the immersion method on day 1 and booster on day 8. Shrimp hemocytes were taken on day 1 (EPS administration), day 7 (no treatment), day 8 (EPS booster) and day 9 (Vibrio infection) and tested for their immune response on each treatment. The result shows that the EPS is not toxic, as represented by the normal embryonic development and the mortality data. In the Pacific white shrimps, an increase in the values of all immune parameters was shown, in line with the increasing EPS concentration, except for the differential hemocyte count (DHC). In detail, an increase was noted in total hemocytes (THC) value, phagocytotic activity (PA) and respiratory burst (RB) in line with the EPS concentration increase. These results and other previous studies indicate that EPS from Porphyridium is safe, enhances immune parameters in shrimp rapidly, and has the ability to act as an immunostimulant or an immunomodulator. It is a good modulator for the non-specific immune cells of Pacific white shrimps, and it can be used as a preventive agent against vibriosis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:13:23Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:13:23Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj.art-190d0a23df8943f39f74c97a4c6a9af12023-12-03T11:55:38ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972021-02-0119313310.3390/md19030133Exopolysaccharide from <i>Porphyridium cruentum</i> (<i>purpureum</i>) is Not Toxic and Stimulates Immune Response against Vibriosis: The Assessment Using Zebrafish and White Shrimp <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i>Yenny Risjani0Nurul Mutmainnah1Praprianita Manurung2Siti Narsito Wulan3Yunianta4Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Brawijaya, 65145 Malang, IndonesiaFaculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Brawijaya, 65145 Malang, IndonesiaFaculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Brawijaya, 65145 Malang, IndonesiaDepartment of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, 65145 Malang, IndonesiaDepartment of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, 65145 Malang, IndonesiaExopolysaccharides, or extracellular polysaccharides (EPS, sPS), represent a valuable metabolite compound synthesized from red microalgae. It is a non-toxic natural agent and can be applied as an immunostimulant. The toxicity test of exopolysaccharides from <i>Porphyridium</i> has been done in vivo using zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) embryonic model, or the ZET (zebrafish embryotoxicity test). The administration of extracellular polysaccharides or exopolysaccharides (EPS) from microalgae <i>Porphyridium cruentum</i> (synonym: <i>P. purpureum</i>) to shrimps <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i> was investigated to determine the effect of this immunostimulant on their non-specific immune response and to test if this compound can be used as a protective agent for shrimps in relation to Vibrio infection. For immune response, exopolysaccharides were given to shrimps via the immersion method on day 1 and booster on day 8. Shrimp hemocytes were taken on day 1 (EPS administration), day 7 (no treatment), day 8 (EPS booster) and day 9 (Vibrio infection) and tested for their immune response on each treatment. The result shows that the EPS is not toxic, as represented by the normal embryonic development and the mortality data. In the Pacific white shrimps, an increase in the values of all immune parameters was shown, in line with the increasing EPS concentration, except for the differential hemocyte count (DHC). In detail, an increase was noted in total hemocytes (THC) value, phagocytotic activity (PA) and respiratory burst (RB) in line with the EPS concentration increase. These results and other previous studies indicate that EPS from Porphyridium is safe, enhances immune parameters in shrimp rapidly, and has the ability to act as an immunostimulant or an immunomodulator. It is a good modulator for the non-specific immune cells of Pacific white shrimps, and it can be used as a preventive agent against vibriosis.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/19/3/133hemocytesinnate immune cellsphagocytic activityrespiratory burstwhite shrimpmicroalgae |
| spellingShingle | Yenny Risjani Nurul Mutmainnah Praprianita Manurung Siti Narsito Wulan Yunianta Exopolysaccharide from <i>Porphyridium cruentum</i> (<i>purpureum</i>) is Not Toxic and Stimulates Immune Response against Vibriosis: The Assessment Using Zebrafish and White Shrimp <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i> Marine Drugs hemocytes innate immune cells phagocytic activity respiratory burst white shrimp microalgae |
| title | Exopolysaccharide from <i>Porphyridium cruentum</i> (<i>purpureum</i>) is Not Toxic and Stimulates Immune Response against Vibriosis: The Assessment Using Zebrafish and White Shrimp <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i> |
| title_full | Exopolysaccharide from <i>Porphyridium cruentum</i> (<i>purpureum</i>) is Not Toxic and Stimulates Immune Response against Vibriosis: The Assessment Using Zebrafish and White Shrimp <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i> |
| title_fullStr | Exopolysaccharide from <i>Porphyridium cruentum</i> (<i>purpureum</i>) is Not Toxic and Stimulates Immune Response against Vibriosis: The Assessment Using Zebrafish and White Shrimp <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exopolysaccharide from <i>Porphyridium cruentum</i> (<i>purpureum</i>) is Not Toxic and Stimulates Immune Response against Vibriosis: The Assessment Using Zebrafish and White Shrimp <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i> |
| title_short | Exopolysaccharide from <i>Porphyridium cruentum</i> (<i>purpureum</i>) is Not Toxic and Stimulates Immune Response against Vibriosis: The Assessment Using Zebrafish and White Shrimp <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i> |
| title_sort | exopolysaccharide from i porphyridium cruentum i i purpureum i is not toxic and stimulates immune response against vibriosis the assessment using zebrafish and white shrimp i litopenaeus vannamei i |
| topic | hemocytes innate immune cells phagocytic activity respiratory burst white shrimp microalgae |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/19/3/133 |
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