Diversity and Function of Endo-Bacteria in <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> from <i>Pinus massoniana</i> Lamb. in Different Regions
The pine wood nematode (PWN) <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> is the pathogen that causes pine wilt disease (PWD), a devastating forest disease. PWN-associated bacteria may play a role in PWD. However, little is known about the endo-bacteria in PWN. We analyzed the diversity of endo-bac...
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MDPI AG
2020-04-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/5/487 |
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| author | Yan-Mei Fu Hong-Bin Liu Xiao-Qin Wu |
| author_facet | Yan-Mei Fu Hong-Bin Liu Xiao-Qin Wu |
| author_sort | Yan-Mei Fu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The pine wood nematode (PWN) <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> is the pathogen that causes pine wilt disease (PWD), a devastating forest disease. PWN-associated bacteria may play a role in PWD. However, little is known about the endo-bacteria in PWN. We analyzed the diversity of endo-bacteria in nine isolates of PWNs from <i>Pinus massoniana</i> Lamb. in nine epidemic areas from three Chinese provinces by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA and isolated and identified culturable endo-bacteria through construction of a 16S rDNA phylogenetic tree and Biolog microbial identification. We also examined the effects of endo-bacteria on PWN fecundity, antioxidant capacity, and virulence using sterile nematodes as a control. While the dominant endo-bacteria in PWNs from different regions exhibited no significant difference in the classification levels of class and genus, their proportions differed. <i>Pseudomonas</i> and <i>Stenotrophomonas</i> were highly abundant in all PWN isolates. A total of 15 endo-bacterial strains were successfully isolated and identified as six species: <i>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</i>, <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i>, <i>Kocuria palustris</i>, <i>Microbacterium</i> <i>testaceum</i>, <i>Rhizobium radiobacter</i>, and <i>Leifsonia aquatica</i>. We also found that <i>P</i>. <i>fluorescens</i> significantly increased the egg production of PWN, and that both <i>P</i>. <i>fluorescens</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>maltophilia</i> enhanced the mobility of PWN under oxidative stress and reduced the content of reactive oxygen species by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity in PWN. These strains also accelerated the development of PWD, and <i>P. fluorescens</i> had a more beneficial effect on PWN than <i>S</i>. <i>maltophilia.</i> Diversity exists among the endo-bacteria in PWNs from different regions, and some endo-bacteria can promote PWN infestation by enhancing the fecundity and antioxidant capacity of the nematode. Our study contributes to clarifying the interaction between endo-bacteria and PWN. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:13:30Z |
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| id | doaj.art-1912e174af00497a84d96f7e2a9d35dd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4907 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:13:30Z |
| publishDate | 2020-04-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-1912e174af00497a84d96f7e2a9d35dd2023-11-19T22:44:27ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072020-04-0111548710.3390/f11050487Diversity and Function of Endo-Bacteria in <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> from <i>Pinus massoniana</i> Lamb. in Different RegionsYan-Mei Fu0Hong-Bin Liu1Xiao-Qin Wu2Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaCo-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaCo-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaThe pine wood nematode (PWN) <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> is the pathogen that causes pine wilt disease (PWD), a devastating forest disease. PWN-associated bacteria may play a role in PWD. However, little is known about the endo-bacteria in PWN. We analyzed the diversity of endo-bacteria in nine isolates of PWNs from <i>Pinus massoniana</i> Lamb. in nine epidemic areas from three Chinese provinces by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA and isolated and identified culturable endo-bacteria through construction of a 16S rDNA phylogenetic tree and Biolog microbial identification. We also examined the effects of endo-bacteria on PWN fecundity, antioxidant capacity, and virulence using sterile nematodes as a control. While the dominant endo-bacteria in PWNs from different regions exhibited no significant difference in the classification levels of class and genus, their proportions differed. <i>Pseudomonas</i> and <i>Stenotrophomonas</i> were highly abundant in all PWN isolates. A total of 15 endo-bacterial strains were successfully isolated and identified as six species: <i>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</i>, <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i>, <i>Kocuria palustris</i>, <i>Microbacterium</i> <i>testaceum</i>, <i>Rhizobium radiobacter</i>, and <i>Leifsonia aquatica</i>. We also found that <i>P</i>. <i>fluorescens</i> significantly increased the egg production of PWN, and that both <i>P</i>. <i>fluorescens</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>maltophilia</i> enhanced the mobility of PWN under oxidative stress and reduced the content of reactive oxygen species by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity in PWN. These strains also accelerated the development of PWD, and <i>P. fluorescens</i> had a more beneficial effect on PWN than <i>S</i>. <i>maltophilia.</i> Diversity exists among the endo-bacteria in PWNs from different regions, and some endo-bacteria can promote PWN infestation by enhancing the fecundity and antioxidant capacity of the nematode. Our study contributes to clarifying the interaction between endo-bacteria and PWN.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/5/487pine wood nematode (PWN)endo-bacteriahigh-throughput sequencingfecundityantioxidant capacityvirulence |
| spellingShingle | Yan-Mei Fu Hong-Bin Liu Xiao-Qin Wu Diversity and Function of Endo-Bacteria in <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> from <i>Pinus massoniana</i> Lamb. in Different Regions Forests pine wood nematode (PWN) endo-bacteria high-throughput sequencing fecundity antioxidant capacity virulence |
| title | Diversity and Function of Endo-Bacteria in <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> from <i>Pinus massoniana</i> Lamb. in Different Regions |
| title_full | Diversity and Function of Endo-Bacteria in <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> from <i>Pinus massoniana</i> Lamb. in Different Regions |
| title_fullStr | Diversity and Function of Endo-Bacteria in <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> from <i>Pinus massoniana</i> Lamb. in Different Regions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Diversity and Function of Endo-Bacteria in <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> from <i>Pinus massoniana</i> Lamb. in Different Regions |
| title_short | Diversity and Function of Endo-Bacteria in <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> from <i>Pinus massoniana</i> Lamb. in Different Regions |
| title_sort | diversity and function of endo bacteria in i bursaphelenchus xylophilus i from i pinus massoniana i lamb in different regions |
| topic | pine wood nematode (PWN) endo-bacteria high-throughput sequencing fecundity antioxidant capacity virulence |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/5/487 |
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