Surface-Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Immunotherapy
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed bodies secreted by all cell types. EVs carry bioactive materials, such as proteins, lipids, metabolites, and nucleic acids, to communicate and elicit functional alterations and phenotypic changes in the counterpart stromal cells. In cancer, cel...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Cancers |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/10/2838 |
| _version_ | 1797600687649980416 |
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| author | Vinith Johnson Sunil Vasu Uday S. Kumar Manoj Kumar |
| author_facet | Vinith Johnson Sunil Vasu Uday S. Kumar Manoj Kumar |
| author_sort | Vinith Johnson |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed bodies secreted by all cell types. EVs carry bioactive materials, such as proteins, lipids, metabolites, and nucleic acids, to communicate and elicit functional alterations and phenotypic changes in the counterpart stromal cells. In cancer, cells secrete EVs to shape a tumor-promoting niche. Tumor-secreted EVs mediate communications with immune cells that determine the fate of anti-tumor therapeutic effectiveness. Surface engineering of EVs has emerged as a promising tool for the modulation of tumor microenvironments for cancer immunotherapy. Modification of EVs’ surface with various molecules, such as antibodies, peptides, and proteins, can enhance their targeting specificity, immunogenicity, biodistribution, and pharmacokinetics. The diverse approaches sought for engineering EV surfaces can be categorized as physical, chemical, and genetic engineering strategies. The choice of method depends on the specific application and desired outcome. Each has its advantages and disadvantages. This review lends a bird’s-eye view of the recent progress in these approaches with respect to their rational implications in the immunomodulation of tumor microenvironments (TME) from pro-tumorigenic to anti-tumorigenic ones. The strategies for modulating TME using targeted EVs, their advantages, current limitations, and future directions are discussed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:51:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-191838a3c3f2427d8f509f404ad3c1ff |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6694 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:51:24Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cancers |
| spelling | doaj.art-191838a3c3f2427d8f509f404ad3c1ff2023-11-18T00:49:42ZengMDPI AGCancers2072-66942023-05-011510283810.3390/cancers15102838Surface-Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer ImmunotherapyVinith Johnson0Sunil Vasu1Uday S. Kumar2Manoj Kumar3Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Tirupati 517619, IndiaDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USADepartment of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Tirupati 517619, IndiaDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USAExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed bodies secreted by all cell types. EVs carry bioactive materials, such as proteins, lipids, metabolites, and nucleic acids, to communicate and elicit functional alterations and phenotypic changes in the counterpart stromal cells. In cancer, cells secrete EVs to shape a tumor-promoting niche. Tumor-secreted EVs mediate communications with immune cells that determine the fate of anti-tumor therapeutic effectiveness. Surface engineering of EVs has emerged as a promising tool for the modulation of tumor microenvironments for cancer immunotherapy. Modification of EVs’ surface with various molecules, such as antibodies, peptides, and proteins, can enhance their targeting specificity, immunogenicity, biodistribution, and pharmacokinetics. The diverse approaches sought for engineering EV surfaces can be categorized as physical, chemical, and genetic engineering strategies. The choice of method depends on the specific application and desired outcome. Each has its advantages and disadvantages. This review lends a bird’s-eye view of the recent progress in these approaches with respect to their rational implications in the immunomodulation of tumor microenvironments (TME) from pro-tumorigenic to anti-tumorigenic ones. The strategies for modulating TME using targeted EVs, their advantages, current limitations, and future directions are discussed.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/10/2838extracellular vesiclesexosomesmicrovesiclesapoptotic bodiessurface engineeringtumor-secreted EVs |
| spellingShingle | Vinith Johnson Sunil Vasu Uday S. Kumar Manoj Kumar Surface-Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Immunotherapy Cancers extracellular vesicles exosomes microvesicles apoptotic bodies surface engineering tumor-secreted EVs |
| title | Surface-Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Immunotherapy |
| title_full | Surface-Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Immunotherapy |
| title_fullStr | Surface-Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Immunotherapy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Surface-Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Immunotherapy |
| title_short | Surface-Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Immunotherapy |
| title_sort | surface engineered extracellular vesicles in cancer immunotherapy |
| topic | extracellular vesicles exosomes microvesicles apoptotic bodies surface engineering tumor-secreted EVs |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/10/2838 |
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