Prevalence and predictors of chronic kidney disease of undetermined causes (CKDu) in Western Kenya’s “sugar belt”: a cross-sectional study
Abstract Background Epidemics of chronic kidney disease of undetermined causes (CKDu) among young male agricultural workers have been observed in many tropical regions. Western Kenya has similar climatic and occupational characteristics as many of those areas. The study objectives were to characteri...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2023-06-01
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| Series: | BMC Nephrology |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-023-03213-2 |
| _version_ | 1827928755801161728 |
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| author | Michelle H. Hathaway Crystal L. Patil Aloyce Odhiambo Dickens Onyango Samuel Dorevitch |
| author_facet | Michelle H. Hathaway Crystal L. Patil Aloyce Odhiambo Dickens Onyango Samuel Dorevitch |
| author_sort | Michelle H. Hathaway |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Epidemics of chronic kidney disease of undetermined causes (CKDu) among young male agricultural workers have been observed in many tropical regions. Western Kenya has similar climatic and occupational characteristics as many of those areas. The study objectives were to characterize prevalence and predictors of CKDu, such as, HIV, a known cause of CKD, in a sugarcane growing region of Kenya; and to estimate prevalence of CKDu across occupational categories and evaluate if physically demanding work or sugarcane work are associated with reduced eGFR. Methods The Disadvantaged Populations eGFR Epidemiology Study (DEGREE) protocol was followed in a cross-sectional study conducted in Kisumu County, Western Kenya. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of reduced eGFR. Results Among 782 adults the prevalence of eGFR < 90 was 9.85%. Among the 612 participants without diabetes, hypertension, and heavy proteinuria the prevalence of eGFR < 90 was 8.99% (95%CI 6.8%, 11.5%) and 0.33% (95%CI 0.04%, 1.2%) had eGFR < 60. Among the 508 participants without known risk factors for reduced eGFR (including HIV), the prevalence of eGFR < 90 was 5.12% (95%CI 3.4%, 7.4%); none had eGFR < 60. Significant risk factors for reduced eGFR were sublocation, age, body mass index, and HIV. No association was found between reduced eGFR and work in the sugarcane industry, as a cane cutter, or in physically demanding occupations. Conclusion CKDu is not a common public health problem in this population, and possibly this region. We recommend that future studies should consider HIV to be a known cause of reduced eGFR. Factors other than equatorial climate and work in agriculture may be important determinants of CKDu epidemics. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-13T06:13:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-19210b1bf3ba4951b0f6b1fa3818815d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1471-2369 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-13T06:13:15Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Nephrology |
| spelling | doaj.art-19210b1bf3ba4951b0f6b1fa3818815d2023-06-11T11:08:03ZengBMCBMC Nephrology1471-23692023-06-0124111410.1186/s12882-023-03213-2Prevalence and predictors of chronic kidney disease of undetermined causes (CKDu) in Western Kenya’s “sugar belt”: a cross-sectional studyMichelle H. Hathaway0Crystal L. Patil1Aloyce Odhiambo2Dickens Onyango3Samuel Dorevitch4Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois ChicagoDepartment of Human Development Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois ChicagoSafe Water and AIDS Project, Behind Royal City Garden Hotel, Milimani EstateCounty Department of Health, County Government of KisumuDivision of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois ChicagoAbstract Background Epidemics of chronic kidney disease of undetermined causes (CKDu) among young male agricultural workers have been observed in many tropical regions. Western Kenya has similar climatic and occupational characteristics as many of those areas. The study objectives were to characterize prevalence and predictors of CKDu, such as, HIV, a known cause of CKD, in a sugarcane growing region of Kenya; and to estimate prevalence of CKDu across occupational categories and evaluate if physically demanding work or sugarcane work are associated with reduced eGFR. Methods The Disadvantaged Populations eGFR Epidemiology Study (DEGREE) protocol was followed in a cross-sectional study conducted in Kisumu County, Western Kenya. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of reduced eGFR. Results Among 782 adults the prevalence of eGFR < 90 was 9.85%. Among the 612 participants without diabetes, hypertension, and heavy proteinuria the prevalence of eGFR < 90 was 8.99% (95%CI 6.8%, 11.5%) and 0.33% (95%CI 0.04%, 1.2%) had eGFR < 60. Among the 508 participants without known risk factors for reduced eGFR (including HIV), the prevalence of eGFR < 90 was 5.12% (95%CI 3.4%, 7.4%); none had eGFR < 60. Significant risk factors for reduced eGFR were sublocation, age, body mass index, and HIV. No association was found between reduced eGFR and work in the sugarcane industry, as a cane cutter, or in physically demanding occupations. Conclusion CKDu is not a common public health problem in this population, and possibly this region. We recommend that future studies should consider HIV to be a known cause of reduced eGFR. Factors other than equatorial climate and work in agriculture may be important determinants of CKDu epidemics.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-023-03213-2Chronic kidney disease of undetermined causesHIVOccupational healthEnvironmental epidemiologyGlobal health |
| spellingShingle | Michelle H. Hathaway Crystal L. Patil Aloyce Odhiambo Dickens Onyango Samuel Dorevitch Prevalence and predictors of chronic kidney disease of undetermined causes (CKDu) in Western Kenya’s “sugar belt”: a cross-sectional study BMC Nephrology Chronic kidney disease of undetermined causes HIV Occupational health Environmental epidemiology Global health |
| title | Prevalence and predictors of chronic kidney disease of undetermined causes (CKDu) in Western Kenya’s “sugar belt”: a cross-sectional study |
| title_full | Prevalence and predictors of chronic kidney disease of undetermined causes (CKDu) in Western Kenya’s “sugar belt”: a cross-sectional study |
| title_fullStr | Prevalence and predictors of chronic kidney disease of undetermined causes (CKDu) in Western Kenya’s “sugar belt”: a cross-sectional study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prevalence and predictors of chronic kidney disease of undetermined causes (CKDu) in Western Kenya’s “sugar belt”: a cross-sectional study |
| title_short | Prevalence and predictors of chronic kidney disease of undetermined causes (CKDu) in Western Kenya’s “sugar belt”: a cross-sectional study |
| title_sort | prevalence and predictors of chronic kidney disease of undetermined causes ckdu in western kenya s sugar belt a cross sectional study |
| topic | Chronic kidney disease of undetermined causes HIV Occupational health Environmental epidemiology Global health |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-023-03213-2 |
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