Thermal and Mechanical Safety Assessment of Type 21700 Lithium-Ion Batteries with NMC, NCA and LFP Cathodes–Investigation of Cell Abuse by Means of Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC)
In this experimental investigation, we studied the safety and thermal runaway behavior of commercial lithium-ion batteries of type 21700. The different cathode materials NMC, NCA and LFP were compared, as well as high power and high energy cells. After characterization of all relevant components of...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Batteries |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/9/5/237 |
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| author | Sebastian Ohneseit Philipp Finster Claire Floras Niklas Lubenau Nils Uhlmann Hans Jürgen Seifert Carlos Ziebert |
| author_facet | Sebastian Ohneseit Philipp Finster Claire Floras Niklas Lubenau Nils Uhlmann Hans Jürgen Seifert Carlos Ziebert |
| author_sort | Sebastian Ohneseit |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this experimental investigation, we studied the safety and thermal runaway behavior of commercial lithium-ion batteries of type 21700. The different cathode materials NMC, NCA and LFP were compared, as well as high power and high energy cells. After characterization of all relevant components of the batteries to assure comparability, two abuse methods were applied: thermal abuse by the heat-wait-seek test and mechanical abuse by nail penetration, both in an accelerating rate calorimeter. Several critical temperatures and temperature rates, as well as exothermal data, were determined. Furthermore, the grade of destruction, mass loss and, for the thermal abuse scenario, activation energy and enthalpy, were calculated for critical points. It was found that NMC cells reacted first, but NCA cells went into thermal runaway a little earlier than NMC cells. LFP cells reacted, as expected, more slowly and at significantly higher temperatures, making the cell chemistry considerably safer. For mechanical abuse, no thermal runaway was observed for LFP cells, as well as at state of charge (SOC) zero for the other chemistries tested. For thermal abuse, at SOC 0 and SOC 30 for LFP cells and at SOC 0 for the other cell chemistries, no thermal runaway occurred until 350 °C. In this study, the experimental data are provided for further simulation approaches and system safety design. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:56:24Z |
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| id | doaj.art-1924bc4d861e4992ac8d2c013d7c6d40 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2313-0105 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:56:24Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
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| series | Batteries |
| spelling | doaj.art-1924bc4d861e4992ac8d2c013d7c6d402023-11-18T00:28:13ZengMDPI AGBatteries2313-01052023-04-019523710.3390/batteries9050237Thermal and Mechanical Safety Assessment of Type 21700 Lithium-Ion Batteries with NMC, NCA and LFP Cathodes–Investigation of Cell Abuse by Means of Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC)Sebastian Ohneseit0Philipp Finster1Claire Floras2Niklas Lubenau3Nils Uhlmann4Hans Jürgen Seifert5Carlos Ziebert6Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Applied Materials-Applied Materials Physics (IAM-AWP), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, GermanyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Applied Materials-Applied Materials Physics (IAM-AWP), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, GermanyDepartment of Physics, Engineering Physics & Astronomy, Queen’s University, 64 Bader Lane, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, CanadaKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Applied Materials-Applied Materials Physics (IAM-AWP), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, GermanyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Applied Materials-Applied Materials Physics (IAM-AWP), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, GermanyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Applied Materials-Applied Materials Physics (IAM-AWP), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, GermanyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Applied Materials-Applied Materials Physics (IAM-AWP), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, GermanyIn this experimental investigation, we studied the safety and thermal runaway behavior of commercial lithium-ion batteries of type 21700. The different cathode materials NMC, NCA and LFP were compared, as well as high power and high energy cells. After characterization of all relevant components of the batteries to assure comparability, two abuse methods were applied: thermal abuse by the heat-wait-seek test and mechanical abuse by nail penetration, both in an accelerating rate calorimeter. Several critical temperatures and temperature rates, as well as exothermal data, were determined. Furthermore, the grade of destruction, mass loss and, for the thermal abuse scenario, activation energy and enthalpy, were calculated for critical points. It was found that NMC cells reacted first, but NCA cells went into thermal runaway a little earlier than NMC cells. LFP cells reacted, as expected, more slowly and at significantly higher temperatures, making the cell chemistry considerably safer. For mechanical abuse, no thermal runaway was observed for LFP cells, as well as at state of charge (SOC) zero for the other chemistries tested. For thermal abuse, at SOC 0 and SOC 30 for LFP cells and at SOC 0 for the other cell chemistries, no thermal runaway occurred until 350 °C. In this study, the experimental data are provided for further simulation approaches and system safety design.https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/9/5/237battery safetycylindrical cell21700commercial LIBabuse testingaccelerating rate calorimetry |
| spellingShingle | Sebastian Ohneseit Philipp Finster Claire Floras Niklas Lubenau Nils Uhlmann Hans Jürgen Seifert Carlos Ziebert Thermal and Mechanical Safety Assessment of Type 21700 Lithium-Ion Batteries with NMC, NCA and LFP Cathodes–Investigation of Cell Abuse by Means of Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC) Batteries battery safety cylindrical cell 21700 commercial LIB abuse testing accelerating rate calorimetry |
| title | Thermal and Mechanical Safety Assessment of Type 21700 Lithium-Ion Batteries with NMC, NCA and LFP Cathodes–Investigation of Cell Abuse by Means of Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC) |
| title_full | Thermal and Mechanical Safety Assessment of Type 21700 Lithium-Ion Batteries with NMC, NCA and LFP Cathodes–Investigation of Cell Abuse by Means of Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC) |
| title_fullStr | Thermal and Mechanical Safety Assessment of Type 21700 Lithium-Ion Batteries with NMC, NCA and LFP Cathodes–Investigation of Cell Abuse by Means of Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Thermal and Mechanical Safety Assessment of Type 21700 Lithium-Ion Batteries with NMC, NCA and LFP Cathodes–Investigation of Cell Abuse by Means of Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC) |
| title_short | Thermal and Mechanical Safety Assessment of Type 21700 Lithium-Ion Batteries with NMC, NCA and LFP Cathodes–Investigation of Cell Abuse by Means of Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC) |
| title_sort | thermal and mechanical safety assessment of type 21700 lithium ion batteries with nmc nca and lfp cathodes investigation of cell abuse by means of accelerating rate calorimetry arc |
| topic | battery safety cylindrical cell 21700 commercial LIB abuse testing accelerating rate calorimetry |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/9/5/237 |
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