Extracellular Vesicles Linking Inflammation, Cancer and Thrombotic Risks
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) being defined as lipid-bilayer encircled particles are released by almost all known mammalian cell types and represent a heterogenous set of cell fragments that are found in the blood circulation and all other known body fluids. The current nomenclature distinguishes mai...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2022.859863/full |
| _version_ | 1818306968892211200 |
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| author | Sarah Beck Sarah Beck Bernhard Hochreiter Johannes A. Schmid |
| author_facet | Sarah Beck Sarah Beck Bernhard Hochreiter Johannes A. Schmid |
| author_sort | Sarah Beck |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Extracellular vesicles (EVs) being defined as lipid-bilayer encircled particles are released by almost all known mammalian cell types and represent a heterogenous set of cell fragments that are found in the blood circulation and all other known body fluids. The current nomenclature distinguishes mainly three forms: microvesicles, which are formed by budding from the plasma membrane; exosomes, which are released, when endosomes with intraluminal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane; and apoptotic bodies representing fragments of apoptotic cells. Their importance for a great variety of biological processes became increasingly evident in the last decade when it was discovered that they contribute to intercellular communication by transferring nucleotides and proteins to recipient cells. In this review, we delineate several aspects of their isolation, purification, and analysis; and discuss some pitfalls that have to be considered therein. Further on, we describe various cellular sources of EVs and explain with different examples, how they link cancer and inflammatory conditions with thrombotic processes. In particular, we elaborate on the roles of EVs in cancer-associated thrombosis and COVID-19, representing two important paradigms, where local pathological processes have systemic effects in the whole organism at least in part via EVs. Finally, we also discuss possible developments of the field in the future and how EVs might be used as biomarkers for diagnosis, and as vehicles for therapeutics. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-13T06:50:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-19367696bbb64ae790a50683c1923b54 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-634X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-13T06:50:55Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology |
| spelling | doaj.art-19367696bbb64ae790a50683c1923b542022-12-21T23:56:09ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology2296-634X2022-03-011010.3389/fcell.2022.859863859863Extracellular Vesicles Linking Inflammation, Cancer and Thrombotic RisksSarah Beck0Sarah Beck1Bernhard Hochreiter2Johannes A. Schmid3Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, AustriaInstitute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg and Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyInstitute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, AustriaInstitute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, AustriaExtracellular vesicles (EVs) being defined as lipid-bilayer encircled particles are released by almost all known mammalian cell types and represent a heterogenous set of cell fragments that are found in the blood circulation and all other known body fluids. The current nomenclature distinguishes mainly three forms: microvesicles, which are formed by budding from the plasma membrane; exosomes, which are released, when endosomes with intraluminal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane; and apoptotic bodies representing fragments of apoptotic cells. Their importance for a great variety of biological processes became increasingly evident in the last decade when it was discovered that they contribute to intercellular communication by transferring nucleotides and proteins to recipient cells. In this review, we delineate several aspects of their isolation, purification, and analysis; and discuss some pitfalls that have to be considered therein. Further on, we describe various cellular sources of EVs and explain with different examples, how they link cancer and inflammatory conditions with thrombotic processes. In particular, we elaborate on the roles of EVs in cancer-associated thrombosis and COVID-19, representing two important paradigms, where local pathological processes have systemic effects in the whole organism at least in part via EVs. Finally, we also discuss possible developments of the field in the future and how EVs might be used as biomarkers for diagnosis, and as vehicles for therapeutics.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2022.859863/fullextracellular vesiclesexosomesmicrovesiclesinflammationcancerthrombosis |
| spellingShingle | Sarah Beck Sarah Beck Bernhard Hochreiter Johannes A. Schmid Extracellular Vesicles Linking Inflammation, Cancer and Thrombotic Risks Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology extracellular vesicles exosomes microvesicles inflammation cancer thrombosis |
| title | Extracellular Vesicles Linking Inflammation, Cancer and Thrombotic Risks |
| title_full | Extracellular Vesicles Linking Inflammation, Cancer and Thrombotic Risks |
| title_fullStr | Extracellular Vesicles Linking Inflammation, Cancer and Thrombotic Risks |
| title_full_unstemmed | Extracellular Vesicles Linking Inflammation, Cancer and Thrombotic Risks |
| title_short | Extracellular Vesicles Linking Inflammation, Cancer and Thrombotic Risks |
| title_sort | extracellular vesicles linking inflammation cancer and thrombotic risks |
| topic | extracellular vesicles exosomes microvesicles inflammation cancer thrombosis |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2022.859863/full |
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