A comparative analysis of the nervous system of cheilostome bryozoans
Abstract Background Bryozoans are sessile aquatic suspension feeders in mainly marine, but also freshwater habitats. Most species belong to the marine and calcified Cheilostomata. Since this taxon remains mostly unstudied regarding its neuroanatomy, the focus of this study is on the characterization...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2021-06-01
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| Series: | BMC Zoology |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40850-021-00084-8 |
| _version_ | 1818864914911985664 |
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| author | Jakob Prömer Andy Sombke Thomas Schwaha |
| author_facet | Jakob Prömer Andy Sombke Thomas Schwaha |
| author_sort | Jakob Prömer |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Bryozoans are sessile aquatic suspension feeders in mainly marine, but also freshwater habitats. Most species belong to the marine and calcified Cheilostomata. Since this taxon remains mostly unstudied regarding its neuroanatomy, the focus of this study is on the characterization and ground pattern reconstruction of the autozooidal nervous system based on six representatives. Results A common neuronal innervation pattern is present in the investigated species: a cerebral ganglion is located at the base of the lophophore, from where neurite bundles embrace the mouth opening to form a circumoral nerve ring. Four neurite bundles project from the cerebral ganglion to innervate peripheral areas, such as the body wall and parietal muscles via the tentacle sheath. Five neurite bundles comprise the main innervation of the visceral tract. Four neurite bundles innervate each tentacle via the circumoral nerve ring. Mediofrontal tentacle neurite bundles emerge directly from the nerve ring. Two laterofrontal- and one abfrontal tentacle neurite bundles emanate from radial neurite bundles, which originate from the cerebral ganglion and circumoral nerve ring in between two adjacent tentacles. The radial neurite bundles terminate in intertentacular pits and give rise to one abfrontal neurite bundle at the oral side and two abfrontal neurite bundles at the anal side. Similar patterns are described in ctenostome bryozoans. Conclusions The present results thus represent the gymnolaemate situation. Innervation of the tentacle sheath and visceral tract by fewer neurite bundles and tentacular innervation by four to six tentacle neurite bundles support cyclostomes as sister taxon to gymnolaemates. Phylactolaemates feature fewer distinct neurite bundles in visceral- and tentacle sheath innervation, which always split in nervous plexus, and their tentacles have six neurite bundles. Thus, this study supports phylactolaemates as sistergroup to myolaemates. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-19T10:39:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-193a4705deda42a0a9e279dcba5cc53f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2056-3132 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-19T10:39:14Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Zoology |
| spelling | doaj.art-193a4705deda42a0a9e279dcba5cc53f2022-12-21T20:25:30ZengBMCBMC Zoology2056-31322021-06-016112210.1186/s40850-021-00084-8A comparative analysis of the nervous system of cheilostome bryozoansJakob Prömer0Andy Sombke1Thomas Schwaha2Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of ViennaDepartment of Evolutionary Biology, University of ViennaDepartment of Evolutionary Biology, University of ViennaAbstract Background Bryozoans are sessile aquatic suspension feeders in mainly marine, but also freshwater habitats. Most species belong to the marine and calcified Cheilostomata. Since this taxon remains mostly unstudied regarding its neuroanatomy, the focus of this study is on the characterization and ground pattern reconstruction of the autozooidal nervous system based on six representatives. Results A common neuronal innervation pattern is present in the investigated species: a cerebral ganglion is located at the base of the lophophore, from where neurite bundles embrace the mouth opening to form a circumoral nerve ring. Four neurite bundles project from the cerebral ganglion to innervate peripheral areas, such as the body wall and parietal muscles via the tentacle sheath. Five neurite bundles comprise the main innervation of the visceral tract. Four neurite bundles innervate each tentacle via the circumoral nerve ring. Mediofrontal tentacle neurite bundles emerge directly from the nerve ring. Two laterofrontal- and one abfrontal tentacle neurite bundles emanate from radial neurite bundles, which originate from the cerebral ganglion and circumoral nerve ring in between two adjacent tentacles. The radial neurite bundles terminate in intertentacular pits and give rise to one abfrontal neurite bundle at the oral side and two abfrontal neurite bundles at the anal side. Similar patterns are described in ctenostome bryozoans. Conclusions The present results thus represent the gymnolaemate situation. Innervation of the tentacle sheath and visceral tract by fewer neurite bundles and tentacular innervation by four to six tentacle neurite bundles support cyclostomes as sister taxon to gymnolaemates. Phylactolaemates feature fewer distinct neurite bundles in visceral- and tentacle sheath innervation, which always split in nervous plexus, and their tentacles have six neurite bundles. Thus, this study supports phylactolaemates as sistergroup to myolaemates.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40850-021-00084-8NeuroanatomyLophotrochozoaGymnolaemataMyolaemataAlpha tubulin staining |
| spellingShingle | Jakob Prömer Andy Sombke Thomas Schwaha A comparative analysis of the nervous system of cheilostome bryozoans BMC Zoology Neuroanatomy Lophotrochozoa Gymnolaemata Myolaemata Alpha tubulin staining |
| title | A comparative analysis of the nervous system of cheilostome bryozoans |
| title_full | A comparative analysis of the nervous system of cheilostome bryozoans |
| title_fullStr | A comparative analysis of the nervous system of cheilostome bryozoans |
| title_full_unstemmed | A comparative analysis of the nervous system of cheilostome bryozoans |
| title_short | A comparative analysis of the nervous system of cheilostome bryozoans |
| title_sort | comparative analysis of the nervous system of cheilostome bryozoans |
| topic | Neuroanatomy Lophotrochozoa Gymnolaemata Myolaemata Alpha tubulin staining |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40850-021-00084-8 |
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