T-cell Response after COVID-19 Vaccination: A Cross-sectional Study
Introduction: Even if antibody titers wane over time, T-cells demonstrate longevity and remain unaffected by viral variants. This study was done with the rationale of examining the virus-destroying cells post-vaccination, specifically focusing on their ability to produce the vital antiviral cytokine...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
JCDR Research and Publications Private Limited
2024-02-01
|
| Series: | Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.jcdr.net/articles/PDF/18997/66884_CE[Ra1]_F(SS)_QC(Shee)_Ref&Pat(RDW_SS)_PF1(AG_KM)_PFA(AG_OM)_PN(KM).pdf |
| _version_ | 1797337859067215872 |
|---|---|
| author | John Solomon VS Kalaiselvi MK Kalaivani Juwain Shehzad Nehil WMS Johnson Chitraleka Saikumar Christhunesa Soundararajan Christudass Sandya Rani |
| author_facet | John Solomon VS Kalaiselvi MK Kalaivani Juwain Shehzad Nehil WMS Johnson Chitraleka Saikumar Christhunesa Soundararajan Christudass Sandya Rani |
| author_sort | John Solomon |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction: Even if antibody titers wane over time, T-cells demonstrate longevity and remain unaffected by viral variants. This study was done with the rationale of examining the virus-destroying cells post-vaccination, specifically focusing on their ability to produce the vital antiviral cytokine Interferon gamma (IFNγ) upon potential reinfection and investigates the impact of the Covishield vaccine on T-cell response, which is a largely unexplored domain due to the novelty of the disease.
Aim: To study T-cell response by doing IFN γ release assay by employing Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Spot (ELISpot) method.
Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from March 2021 to May 2023 at Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The study included participants from all categories who were staff members of the College and Hospital. It is part of an extensive study done by the authors on immunological changes following Covishield vaccination. As part of this study, T-cell response was also separately studied by collecting an additional 2 mL of blood from 90 individuals one year after initiating the vaccination, specifically after administering the Covishield vaccine at 0 and 3 months. For T-cell response analysis, 2 mL of blood was collected and processed to separate Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC). The Interferon Gamma Release assay (IGRA) was performed using ELISpot method, utilising a 96-well plate. The spots appearing in the sample wells {Spot Forming Cells (SFC) = T-cells} were quantified using an automated ELISpot reader. Sample wells demonstrating more than 12 spots were considered positive. The results were analysed using various statistical tests, including Chi-square test, One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Kruskal-Wallis Test, Karl Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, and Mann-Whitney U-test.
Results: The number of spots in the wells containing blood samples from volunteers ranged from a minimum of 2 to a maximum of 631. Importantly, all participants had detectable spots in their sample wells. Out of 90 participants, 84 (93.4%) had more than 12 SFC, while 6 (6.6%) had less than 12 SFCs. High Immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels were positively correlated with good T-cell responses (SFC). Participants under 60 years of age and females exhibited superior responses. Individuals with co-morbidities had lower levels of T-cell response compared to the healthy/normal participants.
Conclusion: The volunteers in this study exhibited robust humoral and cellular immunity, with females showing a significantly better response. The T-cell response remained strong even nine months after the second dose of the vaccine |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:22:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-194f780307a34e49be5fc73d17aeace7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2249-782X 0973-709X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:22:41Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | JCDR Research and Publications Private Limited |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research |
| spelling | doaj.art-194f780307a34e49be5fc73d17aeace72024-01-31T10:55:20ZengJCDR Research and Publications Private LimitedJournal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research2249-782X0973-709X2024-02-011802010610.7860/JCDR/2024/66884.18997T-cell Response after COVID-19 Vaccination: A Cross-sectional StudyJohn Solomon0VS Kalaiselvi1MK Kalaivani2Juwain Shehzad Nehil3WMS Johnson4Chitraleka Saikumar5Christhunesa Soundararajan Christudass6Sandya Rani7Professor and Director, Department of Paediatrics, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.Scientist, Research Centre for Cellular Genomics and Cancer Research, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.Medical Officer, Department of Paediatrics, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.Professor and Dean, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.Professor, Department of Neurochemistry, Christian Medical College, Ranipet Campus, Kilminnal, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.Scientist-D, Centre for Stem Cell Research (A Unit of inStem, Bengaluru), Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.Introduction: Even if antibody titers wane over time, T-cells demonstrate longevity and remain unaffected by viral variants. This study was done with the rationale of examining the virus-destroying cells post-vaccination, specifically focusing on their ability to produce the vital antiviral cytokine Interferon gamma (IFNγ) upon potential reinfection and investigates the impact of the Covishield vaccine on T-cell response, which is a largely unexplored domain due to the novelty of the disease. Aim: To study T-cell response by doing IFN γ release assay by employing Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Spot (ELISpot) method. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from March 2021 to May 2023 at Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The study included participants from all categories who were staff members of the College and Hospital. It is part of an extensive study done by the authors on immunological changes following Covishield vaccination. As part of this study, T-cell response was also separately studied by collecting an additional 2 mL of blood from 90 individuals one year after initiating the vaccination, specifically after administering the Covishield vaccine at 0 and 3 months. For T-cell response analysis, 2 mL of blood was collected and processed to separate Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC). The Interferon Gamma Release assay (IGRA) was performed using ELISpot method, utilising a 96-well plate. The spots appearing in the sample wells {Spot Forming Cells (SFC) = T-cells} were quantified using an automated ELISpot reader. Sample wells demonstrating more than 12 spots were considered positive. The results were analysed using various statistical tests, including Chi-square test, One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Kruskal-Wallis Test, Karl Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, and Mann-Whitney U-test. Results: The number of spots in the wells containing blood samples from volunteers ranged from a minimum of 2 to a maximum of 631. Importantly, all participants had detectable spots in their sample wells. Out of 90 participants, 84 (93.4%) had more than 12 SFC, while 6 (6.6%) had less than 12 SFCs. High Immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels were positively correlated with good T-cell responses (SFC). Participants under 60 years of age and females exhibited superior responses. Individuals with co-morbidities had lower levels of T-cell response compared to the healthy/normal participants. Conclusion: The volunteers in this study exhibited robust humoral and cellular immunity, with females showing a significantly better response. The T-cell response remained strong even nine months after the second dose of the vaccinehttps://www.jcdr.net/articles/PDF/18997/66884_CE[Ra1]_F(SS)_QC(Shee)_Ref&Pat(RDW_SS)_PF1(AG_KM)_PFA(AG_OM)_PN(KM).pdfenzyme linked immunosorbent spotinterferon gamma release assayspot-forming cells |
| spellingShingle | John Solomon VS Kalaiselvi MK Kalaivani Juwain Shehzad Nehil WMS Johnson Chitraleka Saikumar Christhunesa Soundararajan Christudass Sandya Rani T-cell Response after COVID-19 Vaccination: A Cross-sectional Study Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research enzyme linked immunosorbent spot interferon gamma release assay spot-forming cells |
| title | T-cell Response after COVID-19 Vaccination: A Cross-sectional Study |
| title_full | T-cell Response after COVID-19 Vaccination: A Cross-sectional Study |
| title_fullStr | T-cell Response after COVID-19 Vaccination: A Cross-sectional Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | T-cell Response after COVID-19 Vaccination: A Cross-sectional Study |
| title_short | T-cell Response after COVID-19 Vaccination: A Cross-sectional Study |
| title_sort | t cell response after covid 19 vaccination a cross sectional study |
| topic | enzyme linked immunosorbent spot interferon gamma release assay spot-forming cells |
| url | https://www.jcdr.net/articles/PDF/18997/66884_CE[Ra1]_F(SS)_QC(Shee)_Ref&Pat(RDW_SS)_PF1(AG_KM)_PFA(AG_OM)_PN(KM).pdf |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT johnsolomon tcellresponseaftercovid19vaccinationacrosssectionalstudy AT vskalaiselvi tcellresponseaftercovid19vaccinationacrosssectionalstudy AT mkkalaivani tcellresponseaftercovid19vaccinationacrosssectionalstudy AT juwainshehzadnehil tcellresponseaftercovid19vaccinationacrosssectionalstudy AT wmsjohnson tcellresponseaftercovid19vaccinationacrosssectionalstudy AT chitralekasaikumar tcellresponseaftercovid19vaccinationacrosssectionalstudy AT christhunesasoundararajanchristudass tcellresponseaftercovid19vaccinationacrosssectionalstudy AT sandyarani tcellresponseaftercovid19vaccinationacrosssectionalstudy |