Effect of Different N:P Ratios on the Growth, Toxicity, and Toxin Profile of <i>Gymnodinium catenatum</i> (Dinophyceae) Strains from the Gulf of California
The harmful microalgae <i>Gymnodinium catenatum</i> is a unique naked dinoflagellate that produces paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSTs). This species is common along the coasts of the Mexican Pacific and is responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning, which has resulted in notab...
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/7/501 |
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| author | Francisco E. Hernández-Sandoval José J. Bustillos-Guzmán Christine J. Band-Schmidt Erick J. Núñez-Vázquez David J. López-Cortés Leyberth J. Fernández-Herrera Carlos A. Poot-Delgado Manuel Moreno-Legorreta |
| author_facet | Francisco E. Hernández-Sandoval José J. Bustillos-Guzmán Christine J. Band-Schmidt Erick J. Núñez-Vázquez David J. López-Cortés Leyberth J. Fernández-Herrera Carlos A. Poot-Delgado Manuel Moreno-Legorreta |
| author_sort | Francisco E. Hernández-Sandoval |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The harmful microalgae <i>Gymnodinium catenatum</i> is a unique naked dinoflagellate that produces paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSTs). This species is common along the coasts of the Mexican Pacific and is responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning, which has resulted in notable financial losses in both fisheries and aquaculture. In the Gulf of California, <i>G. catenatum</i> has been related to mass mortality events in fish, shrimp, seabirds, and marine mammals. In this study, the growth, toxin profiles, and toxin content of four <i>G. catenatum</i> strains isolated from Bahía de La Paz (BAPAZ) and Bahía de Mazatlán (BAMAZ) were evaluated with different N:P ratios, keeping the phosphorus concentration constant. All strains were cultivated in semi-continuous cultures (200 mL, 21.0 °C, 120 µmol photon m<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>, and a 12:12 h light-dark cycle) with f/2 + Se medium using N:P ratios of: 4:1, 8:1, 16:1, 32:1, and 64:1. Paralytic toxins were analyzed by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Maximum cellular abundance and growth were obtained at an N:P ratio of 64:1 (3188 cells mL<sup>−1</sup> and 0.34 div day<sup>−1</sup>) with the BAMAZ and BAPAZ strains. A total of ten saxitoxin analogs dominated by N-sulfocarbamoyl (60–90 mol%), decarbamoyl (10–20 mol%), and carbamoyl (5–10 mol%) toxins were detected. The different N:P ratios did not cause significant changes in the PST content or toxin profiles of the strains from both bays, although they did affect cell abundance. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:11:14Z |
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| id | doaj.art-19bf5283106d48e0a23eefde01d1feb3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:11:14Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-19bf5283106d48e0a23eefde01d1feb32023-12-01T22:45:37ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512022-07-0114750110.3390/toxins14070501Effect of Different N:P Ratios on the Growth, Toxicity, and Toxin Profile of <i>Gymnodinium catenatum</i> (Dinophyceae) Strains from the Gulf of CaliforniaFrancisco E. Hernández-Sandoval0José J. Bustillos-Guzmán1Christine J. Band-Schmidt2Erick J. Núñez-Vázquez3David J. López-Cortés4Leyberth J. Fernández-Herrera5Carlos A. Poot-Delgado6Manuel Moreno-Legorreta7Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195 Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, MexicoCentro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195 Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, MexicoInstituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (IPN-CICIMAR), Av. IPN s/n, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, MexicoCentro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195 Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, MexicoCentro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195 Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, MexicoInstituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (IPN-CICIMAR), Av. IPN s/n, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, MexicoInstituto Tecnológico Superior de Champotón, Carretera Champotón-Isla Aguada Km 2, El Arenal, Champotón, Campeche C.P. 24400, MexicoCentro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195 Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, MexicoThe harmful microalgae <i>Gymnodinium catenatum</i> is a unique naked dinoflagellate that produces paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSTs). This species is common along the coasts of the Mexican Pacific and is responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning, which has resulted in notable financial losses in both fisheries and aquaculture. In the Gulf of California, <i>G. catenatum</i> has been related to mass mortality events in fish, shrimp, seabirds, and marine mammals. In this study, the growth, toxin profiles, and toxin content of four <i>G. catenatum</i> strains isolated from Bahía de La Paz (BAPAZ) and Bahía de Mazatlán (BAMAZ) were evaluated with different N:P ratios, keeping the phosphorus concentration constant. All strains were cultivated in semi-continuous cultures (200 mL, 21.0 °C, 120 µmol photon m<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>, and a 12:12 h light-dark cycle) with f/2 + Se medium using N:P ratios of: 4:1, 8:1, 16:1, 32:1, and 64:1. Paralytic toxins were analyzed by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Maximum cellular abundance and growth were obtained at an N:P ratio of 64:1 (3188 cells mL<sup>−1</sup> and 0.34 div day<sup>−1</sup>) with the BAMAZ and BAPAZ strains. A total of ten saxitoxin analogs dominated by N-sulfocarbamoyl (60–90 mol%), decarbamoyl (10–20 mol%), and carbamoyl (5–10 mol%) toxins were detected. The different N:P ratios did not cause significant changes in the PST content or toxin profiles of the strains from both bays, although they did affect cell abundance.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/7/501<i>Gymnodinium catenatum</i>paralytic toxinssemi-continuous culturetoxin profileN:P ratioGulf of California |
| spellingShingle | Francisco E. Hernández-Sandoval José J. Bustillos-Guzmán Christine J. Band-Schmidt Erick J. Núñez-Vázquez David J. López-Cortés Leyberth J. Fernández-Herrera Carlos A. Poot-Delgado Manuel Moreno-Legorreta Effect of Different N:P Ratios on the Growth, Toxicity, and Toxin Profile of <i>Gymnodinium catenatum</i> (Dinophyceae) Strains from the Gulf of California Toxins <i>Gymnodinium catenatum</i> paralytic toxins semi-continuous culture toxin profile N:P ratio Gulf of California |
| title | Effect of Different N:P Ratios on the Growth, Toxicity, and Toxin Profile of <i>Gymnodinium catenatum</i> (Dinophyceae) Strains from the Gulf of California |
| title_full | Effect of Different N:P Ratios on the Growth, Toxicity, and Toxin Profile of <i>Gymnodinium catenatum</i> (Dinophyceae) Strains from the Gulf of California |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Different N:P Ratios on the Growth, Toxicity, and Toxin Profile of <i>Gymnodinium catenatum</i> (Dinophyceae) Strains from the Gulf of California |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Different N:P Ratios on the Growth, Toxicity, and Toxin Profile of <i>Gymnodinium catenatum</i> (Dinophyceae) Strains from the Gulf of California |
| title_short | Effect of Different N:P Ratios on the Growth, Toxicity, and Toxin Profile of <i>Gymnodinium catenatum</i> (Dinophyceae) Strains from the Gulf of California |
| title_sort | effect of different n p ratios on the growth toxicity and toxin profile of i gymnodinium catenatum i dinophyceae strains from the gulf of california |
| topic | <i>Gymnodinium catenatum</i> paralytic toxins semi-continuous culture toxin profile N:P ratio Gulf of California |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/7/501 |
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