The Interplay Between Carbon Storage, Productivity, and Native Tree Density of Agroforestry Systems
Agroforestry has been widely suggested as a tool for storing carbon while also providing other ecosystem services like food and income production. A greater understanding of how carbon storage in agroforestry systems varies, and particularly how it is intertwined with the productivity of these syste...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Land |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/2/344 |
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| author | Laurence Alexander Sophie Manson Vinni Jain I Made Setiawan Made Dwi Sadnyana Muhammad Syirazi Zefanya Ajiningrat Wibowo Desak Ketut Tristiana Sukmadewi Marco Campera |
| author_facet | Laurence Alexander Sophie Manson Vinni Jain I Made Setiawan Made Dwi Sadnyana Muhammad Syirazi Zefanya Ajiningrat Wibowo Desak Ketut Tristiana Sukmadewi Marco Campera |
| author_sort | Laurence Alexander |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Agroforestry has been widely suggested as a tool for storing carbon while also providing other ecosystem services like food and income production. A greater understanding of how carbon storage in agroforestry systems varies, and particularly how it is intertwined with the productivity of these systems, could enable farmers and policymakers to make changes that simultaneously increase carbon storage and alleviate poverty. In this study, we used allometric equations to evaluate the carbon storage in the biomass of two complex agroforestry systems in Bali, Indonesia—rustic where a native tree canopy is still present, and polyculture where all native trees have been removed, and the canopy consists only of cropping trees. We then compared these figures to that of a nearby primary forest and linked carbon storage to productivity for both agroforestry systems. We found that the primary forest (277.96 ± 149.05 Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup>) stored significantly more carbon than either the rustic (144.72 ± 188.14 Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup>) or polyculture (105.12 ± 48.65 Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup>) agroforestry systems, which were not significantly different from each other. We found productivity and carbon storage to be significantly positively correlated with each other within the polyculture system but not within the rustic system. We also found that for the rustic system, an increase in the density of native trees is accompanied by an increase in carbon storage, but no significant change in productivity. Consequently, we conclude that within the rustic system, carbon storage can be increased or maintained at a high value by the preservation and encouragement of large native trees, and that this need not necessarily result in a decrease in productivity. |
| first_indexed | 2025-03-14T15:00:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-19f004790b5a480791960dd09217b3ff |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-445X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-03-14T15:00:40Z |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Land |
| spelling | doaj.art-19f004790b5a480791960dd09217b3ff2025-02-25T13:34:54ZengMDPI AGLand2073-445X2025-02-0114234410.3390/land14020344The Interplay Between Carbon Storage, Productivity, and Native Tree Density of Agroforestry SystemsLaurence Alexander0Sophie Manson1Vinni Jain2I Made Setiawan3Made Dwi Sadnyana4Muhammad Syirazi5Zefanya Ajiningrat Wibowo6Desak Ketut Tristiana Sukmadewi7Marco Campera8School of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UKSchool of Law and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UKSchool of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UKBumi Lestari Conservana, Denpasar 80237, Bali, IndonesiaBumi Lestari Conservana, Denpasar 80237, Bali, IndonesiaCollege of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USABumi Lestari Conservana, Denpasar 80237, Bali, IndonesiaAgrotechnology Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Warmadewa, Denpasar 80239, Bali, IndonesiaSchool of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UKAgroforestry has been widely suggested as a tool for storing carbon while also providing other ecosystem services like food and income production. A greater understanding of how carbon storage in agroforestry systems varies, and particularly how it is intertwined with the productivity of these systems, could enable farmers and policymakers to make changes that simultaneously increase carbon storage and alleviate poverty. In this study, we used allometric equations to evaluate the carbon storage in the biomass of two complex agroforestry systems in Bali, Indonesia—rustic where a native tree canopy is still present, and polyculture where all native trees have been removed, and the canopy consists only of cropping trees. We then compared these figures to that of a nearby primary forest and linked carbon storage to productivity for both agroforestry systems. We found that the primary forest (277.96 ± 149.05 Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup>) stored significantly more carbon than either the rustic (144.72 ± 188.14 Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup>) or polyculture (105.12 ± 48.65 Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup>) agroforestry systems, which were not significantly different from each other. We found productivity and carbon storage to be significantly positively correlated with each other within the polyculture system but not within the rustic system. We also found that for the rustic system, an increase in the density of native trees is accompanied by an increase in carbon storage, but no significant change in productivity. Consequently, we conclude that within the rustic system, carbon storage can be increased or maintained at a high value by the preservation and encouragement of large native trees, and that this need not necessarily result in a decrease in productivity.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/2/344agroforestrycarbonproductivityrusticpolyculturebiomass |
| spellingShingle | Laurence Alexander Sophie Manson Vinni Jain I Made Setiawan Made Dwi Sadnyana Muhammad Syirazi Zefanya Ajiningrat Wibowo Desak Ketut Tristiana Sukmadewi Marco Campera The Interplay Between Carbon Storage, Productivity, and Native Tree Density of Agroforestry Systems Land agroforestry carbon productivity rustic polyculture biomass |
| title | The Interplay Between Carbon Storage, Productivity, and Native Tree Density of Agroforestry Systems |
| title_full | The Interplay Between Carbon Storage, Productivity, and Native Tree Density of Agroforestry Systems |
| title_fullStr | The Interplay Between Carbon Storage, Productivity, and Native Tree Density of Agroforestry Systems |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Interplay Between Carbon Storage, Productivity, and Native Tree Density of Agroforestry Systems |
| title_short | The Interplay Between Carbon Storage, Productivity, and Native Tree Density of Agroforestry Systems |
| title_sort | interplay between carbon storage productivity and native tree density of agroforestry systems |
| topic | agroforestry carbon productivity rustic polyculture biomass |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/2/344 |
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