Influence of Brewer’s Spent Grain Compounds on Glucose Metabolism Enzymes
With a yearly production of about 39 million tons, brewer’s spent grain (BSG) is the most abundant brewing industry byproduct. Because it is rich in fiber and protein, it is commonly used as cattle feed but could also be used within the human diet. Additionally, it contains many bioactive substances...
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| author | Daniela Becker Tamara Bakuradze Marcel Hensel Simone Beller Carolina Corral Yélamos Elke Richling |
| author_facet | Daniela Becker Tamara Bakuradze Marcel Hensel Simone Beller Carolina Corral Yélamos Elke Richling |
| author_sort | Daniela Becker |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | With a yearly production of about 39 million tons, brewer’s spent grain (BSG) is the most abundant brewing industry byproduct. Because it is rich in fiber and protein, it is commonly used as cattle feed but could also be used within the human diet. Additionally, it contains many bioactive substances such as hydroxycinnamic acids that are known to be antioxidants and potent inhibitors of enzymes of glucose metabolism. Therefore, our study aim was to prepare different extracts—A1-A7 (solid-liquid extraction with 60% acetone); HE1-HE6 (alkaline hydrolysis followed by ethyl acetate extraction) and HA1-HA3 (60% acetone extraction of alkaline residue)—from various BSGs which were characterized for their total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents, before conducting in vitro studies on their effects on the glucose metabolism enzymes α-amylase, α-glucosidase, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV), and glycogen phosphorylase α (GPα). Depending on the extraction procedures, TPCs ranged from 20–350 µg gallic acid equivalents/mg extract and TFCs were as high as 94 µg catechin equivalents/mg extract. Strong inhibition of glucose metabolism enzymes was also observed: the IC<sub>50</sub> values for α-glucosidase inhibition ranged from 67.4 ± 8.1 µg/mL to 268.1 ± 29.4 µg/mL, for DPP IV inhibition they ranged from 290.6 ± 97.4 to 778.4 ± 95.5 µg/mL and for GPα enzyme inhibition from 12.6 ± 1.1 to 261 ± 6 µg/mL. However, the extracts did not strongly inhibit α-amylase. In general, the A extracts from solid-liquid extraction with 60% acetone showed stronger inhibitory potential towards a-glucosidase and GPα than other extracts whereby no correlation with TPC or TFC were observed. Additionally, DPP IV was mainly inhibited by HE extracts but the effect was not of biological relevance. Our results show that BSG is a potent source of α-glucosidase and GPα inhibitors, but further research is needed to identify these bioactive compounds within BSG extracts focusing on extracts from solid-liquid extraction with 60% acetone. |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:29:56Z |
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| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-1a124737264f4a1d96e1ee632a1cfd992023-11-22T09:04:42ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432021-08-01138269610.3390/nu13082696Influence of Brewer’s Spent Grain Compounds on Glucose Metabolism EnzymesDaniela Becker0Tamara Bakuradze1Marcel Hensel2Simone Beller3Carolina Corral Yélamos4Elke Richling5Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, GermanyDepartment of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, GermanyDepartment of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, GermanyDepartment of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, GermanyDepartment of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, GermanyDepartment of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, GermanyWith a yearly production of about 39 million tons, brewer’s spent grain (BSG) is the most abundant brewing industry byproduct. Because it is rich in fiber and protein, it is commonly used as cattle feed but could also be used within the human diet. Additionally, it contains many bioactive substances such as hydroxycinnamic acids that are known to be antioxidants and potent inhibitors of enzymes of glucose metabolism. Therefore, our study aim was to prepare different extracts—A1-A7 (solid-liquid extraction with 60% acetone); HE1-HE6 (alkaline hydrolysis followed by ethyl acetate extraction) and HA1-HA3 (60% acetone extraction of alkaline residue)—from various BSGs which were characterized for their total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents, before conducting in vitro studies on their effects on the glucose metabolism enzymes α-amylase, α-glucosidase, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV), and glycogen phosphorylase α (GPα). Depending on the extraction procedures, TPCs ranged from 20–350 µg gallic acid equivalents/mg extract and TFCs were as high as 94 µg catechin equivalents/mg extract. Strong inhibition of glucose metabolism enzymes was also observed: the IC<sub>50</sub> values for α-glucosidase inhibition ranged from 67.4 ± 8.1 µg/mL to 268.1 ± 29.4 µg/mL, for DPP IV inhibition they ranged from 290.6 ± 97.4 to 778.4 ± 95.5 µg/mL and for GPα enzyme inhibition from 12.6 ± 1.1 to 261 ± 6 µg/mL. However, the extracts did not strongly inhibit α-amylase. In general, the A extracts from solid-liquid extraction with 60% acetone showed stronger inhibitory potential towards a-glucosidase and GPα than other extracts whereby no correlation with TPC or TFC were observed. Additionally, DPP IV was mainly inhibited by HE extracts but the effect was not of biological relevance. Our results show that BSG is a potent source of α-glucosidase and GPα inhibitors, but further research is needed to identify these bioactive compounds within BSG extracts focusing on extracts from solid-liquid extraction with 60% acetone.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/8/2696brewer’s spent grainglucose metabolismbioactivespolyphenols |
| spellingShingle | Daniela Becker Tamara Bakuradze Marcel Hensel Simone Beller Carolina Corral Yélamos Elke Richling Influence of Brewer’s Spent Grain Compounds on Glucose Metabolism Enzymes Nutrients brewer’s spent grain glucose metabolism bioactives polyphenols |
| title | Influence of Brewer’s Spent Grain Compounds on Glucose Metabolism Enzymes |
| title_full | Influence of Brewer’s Spent Grain Compounds on Glucose Metabolism Enzymes |
| title_fullStr | Influence of Brewer’s Spent Grain Compounds on Glucose Metabolism Enzymes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of Brewer’s Spent Grain Compounds on Glucose Metabolism Enzymes |
| title_short | Influence of Brewer’s Spent Grain Compounds on Glucose Metabolism Enzymes |
| title_sort | influence of brewer s spent grain compounds on glucose metabolism enzymes |
| topic | brewer’s spent grain glucose metabolism bioactives polyphenols |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/8/2696 |
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