The Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbances on the Spatiotemporal Patterns of Medium–Large Mammals in Tropical Volcanic Landscapes
A comprehensive understanding of the consequences of human interactions with mammals is a critical factor in supporting and conserving species in landscapes dominated by humans, which are increasingly threatened. This study aimed to identify the spatial and temporal interactions between humans and m...
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Animals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/20/3217 |
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| author | Nurpana Sulaksono Satyawan Pudyatmoko Sumardi Sumardi Wahyu Wardhana Arief Budiman |
| author_facet | Nurpana Sulaksono Satyawan Pudyatmoko Sumardi Sumardi Wahyu Wardhana Arief Budiman |
| author_sort | Nurpana Sulaksono |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A comprehensive understanding of the consequences of human interactions with mammals is a critical factor in supporting and conserving species in landscapes dominated by humans, which are increasingly threatened. This study aimed to identify the spatial and temporal interactions between humans and mammals. A non-parametric statistical approach with kernel density was used to detect human–mammal temporal interactions. The species interaction factor (SIF) was applied to calculate the spatial overlap based on the two-species occupancy detection model. The activity patterns of medium mammals were nocturnal, diurnal, and cathemeral. The human–medium mammal pairs with SIF values that were <1 and statistically significant included the human–long-tailed macaque (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>) pair, the human–leopard cat (<i>Prionailurus bengalensis</i>) pair, and the human–barking deer (<i>Muntiacus muntjac</i>) pair. Based on their SIF values and the high overlap in their activity times, the human–macaque pairings had a high risk of conflict. Barking deer and leopard cats displayed a coexistence with humans via time-sharing activities. Due to temporal niche variations with human activities, the existence of nocturnal mammals was relatively uninterrupted. This study showed that most mammals are able to adapt spatially and temporally to various human activities. Nonetheless, efforts to mitigate human–wildlife conflict must be maintained, particularly in the case of severely endangered species, such as the Sunda pangolin. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:30:02Z |
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| id | doaj.art-1a4e7e4cf5014255b34d97d82b932542 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:30:02Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj.art-1a4e7e4cf5014255b34d97d82b9325422023-11-19T15:24:47ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152023-10-011320321710.3390/ani13203217The Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbances on the Spatiotemporal Patterns of Medium–Large Mammals in Tropical Volcanic LandscapesNurpana Sulaksono0Satyawan Pudyatmoko1Sumardi Sumardi2Wahyu Wardhana3Arief Budiman4Gunung Merbabu National Park, The Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Boyolali 57316, IndonesiaFaculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman 55281, IndonesiaFaculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman 55281, IndonesiaFaculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman 55281, IndonesiaFaculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman 55281, IndonesiaA comprehensive understanding of the consequences of human interactions with mammals is a critical factor in supporting and conserving species in landscapes dominated by humans, which are increasingly threatened. This study aimed to identify the spatial and temporal interactions between humans and mammals. A non-parametric statistical approach with kernel density was used to detect human–mammal temporal interactions. The species interaction factor (SIF) was applied to calculate the spatial overlap based on the two-species occupancy detection model. The activity patterns of medium mammals were nocturnal, diurnal, and cathemeral. The human–medium mammal pairs with SIF values that were <1 and statistically significant included the human–long-tailed macaque (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>) pair, the human–leopard cat (<i>Prionailurus bengalensis</i>) pair, and the human–barking deer (<i>Muntiacus muntjac</i>) pair. Based on their SIF values and the high overlap in their activity times, the human–macaque pairings had a high risk of conflict. Barking deer and leopard cats displayed a coexistence with humans via time-sharing activities. Due to temporal niche variations with human activities, the existence of nocturnal mammals was relatively uninterrupted. This study showed that most mammals are able to adapt spatially and temporally to various human activities. Nonetheless, efforts to mitigate human–wildlife conflict must be maintained, particularly in the case of severely endangered species, such as the Sunda pangolin.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/20/3217species interaction factorcamera trapoccupancy modelkernel densityMerapiIndonesia |
| spellingShingle | Nurpana Sulaksono Satyawan Pudyatmoko Sumardi Sumardi Wahyu Wardhana Arief Budiman The Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbances on the Spatiotemporal Patterns of Medium–Large Mammals in Tropical Volcanic Landscapes Animals species interaction factor camera trap occupancy model kernel density Merapi Indonesia |
| title | The Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbances on the Spatiotemporal Patterns of Medium–Large Mammals in Tropical Volcanic Landscapes |
| title_full | The Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbances on the Spatiotemporal Patterns of Medium–Large Mammals in Tropical Volcanic Landscapes |
| title_fullStr | The Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbances on the Spatiotemporal Patterns of Medium–Large Mammals in Tropical Volcanic Landscapes |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbances on the Spatiotemporal Patterns of Medium–Large Mammals in Tropical Volcanic Landscapes |
| title_short | The Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbances on the Spatiotemporal Patterns of Medium–Large Mammals in Tropical Volcanic Landscapes |
| title_sort | effects of anthropogenic disturbances on the spatiotemporal patterns of medium large mammals in tropical volcanic landscapes |
| topic | species interaction factor camera trap occupancy model kernel density Merapi Indonesia |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/20/3217 |
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