Multi-Isotope Characterization of Water in the Water Supply System of the City of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Urban water supply systems (WSS) are complex and challenging to manage since the properties of water in the WSS change from source to the end user over time. However, understanding these changes requires a more profound knowledge of the WSS. This study describes the urban water cycle within the WSS...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/13/2064 |
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| author | Klara Nagode Tjaša Kanduč Branka Bračič Železnik Brigita Jamnik Polona Vreča |
| author_facet | Klara Nagode Tjaša Kanduč Branka Bračič Železnik Brigita Jamnik Polona Vreča |
| author_sort | Klara Nagode |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Urban water supply systems (WSS) are complex and challenging to manage since the properties of water in the WSS change from source to the end user over time. However, understanding these changes requires a more profound knowledge of the WSS. This study describes the urban water cycle within the WSS of Ljubljana, Slovenia, where different water parameters such as temperature, electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, <i>δ</i><sup>2</sup>H, <i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O, and <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C<sub>DIC</sub> were monitored from September to November 2018. Altogether 108 samples were collected, including from the source (3) and at different levels of the WSS: wells (41), joint exits from water pumping stations (7), reservoirs (22), water treatment locations (2), drinking fountains (13), taps (19) and wastewater system (1). The data show that although the ranges of <i>δ</i><sup>2</sup>H and <i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O values were small, each well is represented by a unique fingerprint when considering additional parameters. A statistically significant difference was observed between sampling months, and temperature and most parameters showed higher variability within the wells than across the WSS, suggesting a more unified WSS. Finally, based on <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C<sub>DIC</sub> values, a distinction could be made between river/groundwater interactions within the WSS and between shallower and deeper wells and their distance from the river bank. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:25:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1aa39662cf6c4f978858ff2265ed1022 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:25:28Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-1aa39662cf6c4f978858ff2265ed10222023-11-30T22:35:20ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412022-06-011413206410.3390/w14132064Multi-Isotope Characterization of Water in the Water Supply System of the City of Ljubljana, SloveniaKlara Nagode0Tjaša Kanduč1Branka Bračič Železnik2Brigita Jamnik3Polona Vreča4Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaJP VOKA SNAGA d.o.o., Vodovodna cesta 90, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaJP VOKA SNAGA d.o.o., Vodovodna cesta 90, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaUrban water supply systems (WSS) are complex and challenging to manage since the properties of water in the WSS change from source to the end user over time. However, understanding these changes requires a more profound knowledge of the WSS. This study describes the urban water cycle within the WSS of Ljubljana, Slovenia, where different water parameters such as temperature, electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, <i>δ</i><sup>2</sup>H, <i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O, and <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C<sub>DIC</sub> were monitored from September to November 2018. Altogether 108 samples were collected, including from the source (3) and at different levels of the WSS: wells (41), joint exits from water pumping stations (7), reservoirs (22), water treatment locations (2), drinking fountains (13), taps (19) and wastewater system (1). The data show that although the ranges of <i>δ</i><sup>2</sup>H and <i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O values were small, each well is represented by a unique fingerprint when considering additional parameters. A statistically significant difference was observed between sampling months, and temperature and most parameters showed higher variability within the wells than across the WSS, suggesting a more unified WSS. Finally, based on <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C<sub>DIC</sub> values, a distinction could be made between river/groundwater interactions within the WSS and between shallower and deeper wells and their distance from the river bank.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/13/2064urban water supply systemstable isotopeshydrogenoxygencarbonLjubljana |
| spellingShingle | Klara Nagode Tjaša Kanduč Branka Bračič Železnik Brigita Jamnik Polona Vreča Multi-Isotope Characterization of Water in the Water Supply System of the City of Ljubljana, Slovenia Water urban water supply system stable isotopes hydrogen oxygen carbon Ljubljana |
| title | Multi-Isotope Characterization of Water in the Water Supply System of the City of Ljubljana, Slovenia |
| title_full | Multi-Isotope Characterization of Water in the Water Supply System of the City of Ljubljana, Slovenia |
| title_fullStr | Multi-Isotope Characterization of Water in the Water Supply System of the City of Ljubljana, Slovenia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multi-Isotope Characterization of Water in the Water Supply System of the City of Ljubljana, Slovenia |
| title_short | Multi-Isotope Characterization of Water in the Water Supply System of the City of Ljubljana, Slovenia |
| title_sort | multi isotope characterization of water in the water supply system of the city of ljubljana slovenia |
| topic | urban water supply system stable isotopes hydrogen oxygen carbon Ljubljana |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/13/2064 |
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