Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Phytochemicals and Related Stable Paramagnetic Species in Different Parts of Dragon Fruit
In this study, we investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phytochemicals and paramagnetic species in dragon fruit using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). HPLC analysis demonstrated that dragon fruit is enriched with bioactive phytoche...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-06-01
|
| Series: | Molecules |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/12/3565 |
| _version_ | 1797530508918259712 |
|---|---|
| author | Chalermpong Saenjum Thanawat Pattananandecha Kouichi Nakagawa |
| author_facet | Chalermpong Saenjum Thanawat Pattananandecha Kouichi Nakagawa |
| author_sort | Chalermpong Saenjum |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, we investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phytochemicals and paramagnetic species in dragon fruit using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). HPLC analysis demonstrated that dragon fruit is enriched with bioactive phytochemicals, with significant variations between each part of the fruit. Anthocyanins namely, cyanidin 3-glucoside, delphinidin 3-glucoside, and pelargonidin 3-glucoside were detected in the dragon fruit peel and fresh red pulp. Epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, caffeine, and gallic acid were found in the dragon fruit seed. Additionally, 25–100 mg × L<sup>−1</sup> of dragon fruit pulp and peel extracts containing enrichment of cyanidin 3-glucoside were found to inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in cell-based studies without exerted cytotoxicity. EPR primarily detected two paramagnetic species in the red samples. These two different radical species were assigned as stable radicals and Mn<sup>2+</sup> (paramagnetic species) based on the g-values and hyperfine components. In addition, the broad EPR line width of the white peel can be correlated to a unique moiety in dragon fruit. Our EPR and HPLC results provide new insight regarding the phytochemicals and related stable intermediates found in various parts of dragon fruit. Thus, we suggest here that there is the potential to use dragon fruit peel, which contains anthocyanins, as a natural active pharmaceutical ingredient. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:29:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1aaaa7a1c8b840bb84edcfa4668d9b9b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:29:59Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-1aaaa7a1c8b840bb84edcfa4668d9b9b2023-11-21T23:40:17ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-06-012612356510.3390/molecules26123565Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Phytochemicals and Related Stable Paramagnetic Species in Different Parts of Dragon FruitChalermpong Saenjum0Thanawat Pattananandecha1Kouichi Nakagawa2Cluster of Excellence on Biodiversity-Based Economic and Society (B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandCluster of Excellence on Biodiversity-Based Economic and Society (B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandDivision of Regional Innovation, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-Cho, Hirosaki 036-8564, JapanIn this study, we investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phytochemicals and paramagnetic species in dragon fruit using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). HPLC analysis demonstrated that dragon fruit is enriched with bioactive phytochemicals, with significant variations between each part of the fruit. Anthocyanins namely, cyanidin 3-glucoside, delphinidin 3-glucoside, and pelargonidin 3-glucoside were detected in the dragon fruit peel and fresh red pulp. Epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, caffeine, and gallic acid were found in the dragon fruit seed. Additionally, 25–100 mg × L<sup>−1</sup> of dragon fruit pulp and peel extracts containing enrichment of cyanidin 3-glucoside were found to inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in cell-based studies without exerted cytotoxicity. EPR primarily detected two paramagnetic species in the red samples. These two different radical species were assigned as stable radicals and Mn<sup>2+</sup> (paramagnetic species) based on the g-values and hyperfine components. In addition, the broad EPR line width of the white peel can be correlated to a unique moiety in dragon fruit. Our EPR and HPLC results provide new insight regarding the phytochemicals and related stable intermediates found in various parts of dragon fruit. Thus, we suggest here that there is the potential to use dragon fruit peel, which contains anthocyanins, as a natural active pharmaceutical ingredient.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/12/3565EPRHPLCanthocyaninsdragon fruitsantioxidantanti-inflammatory |
| spellingShingle | Chalermpong Saenjum Thanawat Pattananandecha Kouichi Nakagawa Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Phytochemicals and Related Stable Paramagnetic Species in Different Parts of Dragon Fruit Molecules EPR HPLC anthocyanins dragon fruits antioxidant anti-inflammatory |
| title | Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Phytochemicals and Related Stable Paramagnetic Species in Different Parts of Dragon Fruit |
| title_full | Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Phytochemicals and Related Stable Paramagnetic Species in Different Parts of Dragon Fruit |
| title_fullStr | Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Phytochemicals and Related Stable Paramagnetic Species in Different Parts of Dragon Fruit |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Phytochemicals and Related Stable Paramagnetic Species in Different Parts of Dragon Fruit |
| title_short | Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Phytochemicals and Related Stable Paramagnetic Species in Different Parts of Dragon Fruit |
| title_sort | antioxidative and anti inflammatory phytochemicals and related stable paramagnetic species in different parts of dragon fruit |
| topic | EPR HPLC anthocyanins dragon fruits antioxidant anti-inflammatory |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/12/3565 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT chalermpongsaenjum antioxidativeandantiinflammatoryphytochemicalsandrelatedstableparamagneticspeciesindifferentpartsofdragonfruit AT thanawatpattananandecha antioxidativeandantiinflammatoryphytochemicalsandrelatedstableparamagneticspeciesindifferentpartsofdragonfruit AT kouichinakagawa antioxidativeandantiinflammatoryphytochemicalsandrelatedstableparamagneticspeciesindifferentpartsofdragonfruit |