Phosphorus/Sulfur-Enriched Reduced Graphene Oxide Papers Obtained from Recycled Graphite: Solid-State NMR Characterization and Electrochemical Performance for Energy Storage
The reduction of graphene oxide (GO) by means of thermal and/or chemical treatments leads to the production of reduced graphene oxide (rGO)—a material with improved electrical conductivity and considered a viable and low-cost alternative to pure graphene in several applications, including the produc...
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| author | Mariana A. Vieira Tainara L. G. Costa Gustavo R. Gonçalves Daniel F. Cipriano Miguel A. Schettino Elen L. da Silva Andrés Cuña Jair C. C. Freitas |
| author_facet | Mariana A. Vieira Tainara L. G. Costa Gustavo R. Gonçalves Daniel F. Cipriano Miguel A. Schettino Elen L. da Silva Andrés Cuña Jair C. C. Freitas |
| author_sort | Mariana A. Vieira |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The reduction of graphene oxide (GO) by means of thermal and/or chemical treatments leads to the production of reduced graphene oxide (rGO)—a material with improved electrical conductivity and considered a viable and low-cost alternative to pure graphene in several applications, including the production of supercapacitor electrodes. In the present work, GO was prepared by the oxidation of graphite recycled from spent Li-ion batteries using mixtures of sulfuric and phosphoric acids (with different H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>/H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> ratios), leading to the production of materials with significant S and P contents. These materials were then thermally reduced, resulting in rGO papers that were investigated by solid-state <sup>13</sup>C and <sup>31</sup>P nuclear magnetic resonance, along with other methods. The electrochemical properties of the produced rGO papers were evaluated, including the recording of cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge curves, besides electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses. The samples obtained by thermal reduction at 150 °C exhibited good rate capability at high current density and high capacitance retention after a large number of charge–discharge cycles. The results evidenced a strong relationship between the electrochemical properties of the produced materials and their chemical and structural features, especially for the samples containing both S and P elements. The methods described in this work represent, then, a facile and low-cost alternative for the production of rGO papers using graphite recycled from spent batteries, with promising applications as supercapacitor electrodes. |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:39:28Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
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| series | C |
| spelling | doaj.art-1ac93cda976b4eef9a8315d41e08dbbb2023-11-18T09:41:07ZengMDPI AGC2311-56292023-06-01926010.3390/c9020060Phosphorus/Sulfur-Enriched Reduced Graphene Oxide Papers Obtained from Recycled Graphite: Solid-State NMR Characterization and Electrochemical Performance for Energy StorageMariana A. Vieira0Tainara L. G. Costa1Gustavo R. Gonçalves2Daniel F. Cipriano3Miguel A. Schettino4Elen L. da Silva5Andrés Cuña6Jair C. C. Freitas7Laboratory of Carbon and Ceramic Materials, Department of Physics, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, BrazilLaboratory of Carbon and Ceramic Materials, Department of Physics, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, BrazilLaboratory of Carbon and Ceramic Materials, Department of Physics, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, BrazilLaboratory of Carbon and Ceramic Materials, Department of Physics, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, BrazilLaboratory of Carbon and Ceramic Materials, Department of Physics, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, BrazilÁrea Fisicoquímica, DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, CC 1157, Montevideo 11800, UruguayÁrea Fisicoquímica, DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, CC 1157, Montevideo 11800, UruguayLaboratory of Carbon and Ceramic Materials, Department of Physics, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, BrazilThe reduction of graphene oxide (GO) by means of thermal and/or chemical treatments leads to the production of reduced graphene oxide (rGO)—a material with improved electrical conductivity and considered a viable and low-cost alternative to pure graphene in several applications, including the production of supercapacitor electrodes. In the present work, GO was prepared by the oxidation of graphite recycled from spent Li-ion batteries using mixtures of sulfuric and phosphoric acids (with different H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>/H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> ratios), leading to the production of materials with significant S and P contents. These materials were then thermally reduced, resulting in rGO papers that were investigated by solid-state <sup>13</sup>C and <sup>31</sup>P nuclear magnetic resonance, along with other methods. The electrochemical properties of the produced rGO papers were evaluated, including the recording of cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge curves, besides electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses. The samples obtained by thermal reduction at 150 °C exhibited good rate capability at high current density and high capacitance retention after a large number of charge–discharge cycles. The results evidenced a strong relationship between the electrochemical properties of the produced materials and their chemical and structural features, especially for the samples containing both S and P elements. The methods described in this work represent, then, a facile and low-cost alternative for the production of rGO papers using graphite recycled from spent batteries, with promising applications as supercapacitor electrodes.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5629/9/2/60graphene oxidereduced graphene oxidesolid-state NMRelectrochemical properties |
| spellingShingle | Mariana A. Vieira Tainara L. G. Costa Gustavo R. Gonçalves Daniel F. Cipriano Miguel A. Schettino Elen L. da Silva Andrés Cuña Jair C. C. Freitas Phosphorus/Sulfur-Enriched Reduced Graphene Oxide Papers Obtained from Recycled Graphite: Solid-State NMR Characterization and Electrochemical Performance for Energy Storage C graphene oxide reduced graphene oxide solid-state NMR electrochemical properties |
| title | Phosphorus/Sulfur-Enriched Reduced Graphene Oxide Papers Obtained from Recycled Graphite: Solid-State NMR Characterization and Electrochemical Performance for Energy Storage |
| title_full | Phosphorus/Sulfur-Enriched Reduced Graphene Oxide Papers Obtained from Recycled Graphite: Solid-State NMR Characterization and Electrochemical Performance for Energy Storage |
| title_fullStr | Phosphorus/Sulfur-Enriched Reduced Graphene Oxide Papers Obtained from Recycled Graphite: Solid-State NMR Characterization and Electrochemical Performance for Energy Storage |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phosphorus/Sulfur-Enriched Reduced Graphene Oxide Papers Obtained from Recycled Graphite: Solid-State NMR Characterization and Electrochemical Performance for Energy Storage |
| title_short | Phosphorus/Sulfur-Enriched Reduced Graphene Oxide Papers Obtained from Recycled Graphite: Solid-State NMR Characterization and Electrochemical Performance for Energy Storage |
| title_sort | phosphorus sulfur enriched reduced graphene oxide papers obtained from recycled graphite solid state nmr characterization and electrochemical performance for energy storage |
| topic | graphene oxide reduced graphene oxide solid-state NMR electrochemical properties |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5629/9/2/60 |
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