Comprehensive Ecotoxicity Studies on Quaternary Ammonium Salts Synthesized from Vitamin B<sub>3</sub> Supported by QSAR Calculations
Lately, ionic forms (namely, quaternary ammonium salts, QASs) of nicotinamide, widely known as vitamin B<sub>3</sub>, are gaining popularity in the sectors developing novel pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. However, the direct influence of these unique QASs on the development of various...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Formato: | Artigo |
| Idioma: | English |
| Publicado em: |
MDPI AG
2023-02-01
|
| Colecção: | Plants |
| Assuntos: | |
| Acesso em linha: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/4/914 |
| _version_ | 1827755757688324096 |
|---|---|
| author | Aleksandra Nowacka Adriana Olejniczak Witold Stachowiak Michał Niemczak |
| author_facet | Aleksandra Nowacka Adriana Olejniczak Witold Stachowiak Michał Niemczak |
| author_sort | Aleksandra Nowacka |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Lately, ionic forms (namely, quaternary ammonium salts, QASs) of nicotinamide, widely known as vitamin B<sub>3</sub>, are gaining popularity in the sectors developing novel pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. However, the direct influence of these unique QASs on the development of various terrestrial plants, as well as other organisms, remains unknown. Therefore, three compounds comprising short, medium, and long alkyl chains in <i>N</i>-alkylnicotinamide were selected for phytotoxicity analyses, which were conducted on representative dicotyledonous (white mustard) and monocotyledonous (sorghum) plants. The study allowed the determination of the impact of compounds on the germination capacity as well as on the development of roots and stems of the tested plants. Interestingly, independently of the length of the alkyl chain or plant species, all QASs were established as non-phytotoxic. In addition, QSAR simulations, performed using the EPI Suite™ program pack, allowed the determination of the products’ potential toxicity toward fish, green algae, and daphnids along with the susceptibility to biodegradation. The obtained nicotinamide derivative with the shortest chain (butyl) can be considered practically non-toxic according to GHS criteria, whereas salts with medium (decyl) and longest (hexadecyl) substituent were included in the ‘acute II’ toxicity class. These findings were supported by the results of the toxicity tests performed on the model aquatic plant <i>Lemna minor</i>. It should be stressed that all synthesized salts exhibit not only a lack of potential for bioaccumulation but also lower toxicity than their fully synthetic analogs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:14:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1aca41a8dd0a4c7b921de9a22f019351 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:14:30Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-1aca41a8dd0a4c7b921de9a22f0193512023-11-16T22:49:10ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472023-02-0112491410.3390/plants12040914Comprehensive Ecotoxicity Studies on Quaternary Ammonium Salts Synthesized from Vitamin B<sub>3</sub> Supported by QSAR CalculationsAleksandra Nowacka0Adriana Olejniczak1Witold Stachowiak2Michał Niemczak3Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, PolandFaculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, PolandFaculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, PolandFaculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, PolandLately, ionic forms (namely, quaternary ammonium salts, QASs) of nicotinamide, widely known as vitamin B<sub>3</sub>, are gaining popularity in the sectors developing novel pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. However, the direct influence of these unique QASs on the development of various terrestrial plants, as well as other organisms, remains unknown. Therefore, three compounds comprising short, medium, and long alkyl chains in <i>N</i>-alkylnicotinamide were selected for phytotoxicity analyses, which were conducted on representative dicotyledonous (white mustard) and monocotyledonous (sorghum) plants. The study allowed the determination of the impact of compounds on the germination capacity as well as on the development of roots and stems of the tested plants. Interestingly, independently of the length of the alkyl chain or plant species, all QASs were established as non-phytotoxic. In addition, QSAR simulations, performed using the EPI Suite™ program pack, allowed the determination of the products’ potential toxicity toward fish, green algae, and daphnids along with the susceptibility to biodegradation. The obtained nicotinamide derivative with the shortest chain (butyl) can be considered practically non-toxic according to GHS criteria, whereas salts with medium (decyl) and longest (hexadecyl) substituent were included in the ‘acute II’ toxicity class. These findings were supported by the results of the toxicity tests performed on the model aquatic plant <i>Lemna minor</i>. It should be stressed that all synthesized salts exhibit not only a lack of potential for bioaccumulation but also lower toxicity than their fully synthetic analogs.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/4/914nicotinamidequaternary ammonium saltswhite mustardsorghumplant development<i>Lemna minor</i> |
| spellingShingle | Aleksandra Nowacka Adriana Olejniczak Witold Stachowiak Michał Niemczak Comprehensive Ecotoxicity Studies on Quaternary Ammonium Salts Synthesized from Vitamin B<sub>3</sub> Supported by QSAR Calculations Plants nicotinamide quaternary ammonium salts white mustard sorghum plant development <i>Lemna minor</i> |
| title | Comprehensive Ecotoxicity Studies on Quaternary Ammonium Salts Synthesized from Vitamin B<sub>3</sub> Supported by QSAR Calculations |
| title_full | Comprehensive Ecotoxicity Studies on Quaternary Ammonium Salts Synthesized from Vitamin B<sub>3</sub> Supported by QSAR Calculations |
| title_fullStr | Comprehensive Ecotoxicity Studies on Quaternary Ammonium Salts Synthesized from Vitamin B<sub>3</sub> Supported by QSAR Calculations |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comprehensive Ecotoxicity Studies on Quaternary Ammonium Salts Synthesized from Vitamin B<sub>3</sub> Supported by QSAR Calculations |
| title_short | Comprehensive Ecotoxicity Studies on Quaternary Ammonium Salts Synthesized from Vitamin B<sub>3</sub> Supported by QSAR Calculations |
| title_sort | comprehensive ecotoxicity studies on quaternary ammonium salts synthesized from vitamin b sub 3 sub supported by qsar calculations |
| topic | nicotinamide quaternary ammonium salts white mustard sorghum plant development <i>Lemna minor</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/4/914 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT aleksandranowacka comprehensiveecotoxicitystudiesonquaternaryammoniumsaltssynthesizedfromvitaminbsub3subsupportedbyqsarcalculations AT adrianaolejniczak comprehensiveecotoxicitystudiesonquaternaryammoniumsaltssynthesizedfromvitaminbsub3subsupportedbyqsarcalculations AT witoldstachowiak comprehensiveecotoxicitystudiesonquaternaryammoniumsaltssynthesizedfromvitaminbsub3subsupportedbyqsarcalculations AT michałniemczak comprehensiveecotoxicitystudiesonquaternaryammoniumsaltssynthesizedfromvitaminbsub3subsupportedbyqsarcalculations |