Effective Removal of Methylene Blue by Surface Alteration of TiO<sub>2</sub> with Ficus Carica Leaf Extract under Visible Light
The present study describes the use of a leaf extract from <i>Ficus carica</i> as a source of natural antioxidants for the surface alteration of bulk titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) in two steps. First, the hydro-thermal treatment of the bulk TiO<sub>2</sub> ma...
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Nanomaterials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/12/16/2766 |
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| author | Muhammad Ali Bhatti Sadaf Jamal Gilani Aqeel Ahmed Shah Iftikhar Ahmed Channa Khalida Faryal Almani Ali Dad Chandio Imran Ali Halepoto Aneela Tahira May Nasser Bin Jumah Zafar Hussain Ibupoto |
| author_facet | Muhammad Ali Bhatti Sadaf Jamal Gilani Aqeel Ahmed Shah Iftikhar Ahmed Channa Khalida Faryal Almani Ali Dad Chandio Imran Ali Halepoto Aneela Tahira May Nasser Bin Jumah Zafar Hussain Ibupoto |
| author_sort | Muhammad Ali Bhatti |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The present study describes the use of a leaf extract from <i>Ficus carica</i> as a source of natural antioxidants for the surface alteration of bulk titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) in two steps. First, the hydro-thermal treatment of the bulk TiO<sub>2</sub> material was carried out and followed by thermal annealing at 300 °C for 3 h in air. The role of the leaf extract of <i>Ficus carica</i> on the performance of the bulk TiO<sub>2</sub> material for the removal of methylene blue (MB) was also studied. Various analytical techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to explore the crystalline structure, morphology, and composition. The bulk TiO<sub>2</sub> material after the leaf-extract treatment exhibited mixed anatase and rutile phases, a flower-like morphology, and Ti, O, and C were its main elements. The average crystallite size was also calculated, and the obtained values for the bulk TiO<sub>2</sub> material, 18.11 nm, and the treated bulk TiO<sub>2</sub> material with various amounts, 5, 10, and 15 mL, of leaf extract were 16.4, 13.16, and 10.29 nm respectively. Moreover, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy validated the typical metal–oxygen bonds and strengthened the XRD results. The bulk TiO<sub>2</sub> material chemically treated with <i>Ficus carica</i> has shown outstanding activity towards the degradation of MB under sunlight. The 15 mL of <i>Ficus carica</i> extract significantly enhanced the photocatalytic activity of the bulk TiO<sub>2</sub> material towards the degradation of MB. The dye degradation efficiency was found to be 98.8%, which was experimentally proven by the Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopoyy (FTIR) analysis. The obtained performance of the bulk TiO<sub>2</sub> material with <i>Ficus carica</i> revealed excellent surface modifying properties for poorly-performing photocatalysts towards the degradation of synthetic dyes when used in their pristine form. The presented approach suggests that <i>Ficus carica</i> could be of great interest for tuning the surface properties of materials, either in the form of nano-size or bulk-phase in a particular application. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:50:40Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-4991 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:50:40Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-1acef135e2514ee1b419b71f77a447e32023-11-30T22:06:25ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912022-08-011216276610.3390/nano12162766Effective Removal of Methylene Blue by Surface Alteration of TiO<sub>2</sub> with Ficus Carica Leaf Extract under Visible LightMuhammad Ali Bhatti0Sadaf Jamal Gilani1Aqeel Ahmed Shah2Iftikhar Ahmed Channa3Khalida Faryal Almani4Ali Dad Chandio5Imran Ali Halepoto6Aneela Tahira7May Nasser Bin Jumah8Zafar Hussain Ibupoto9Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Sindh Jamshoro, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, PakistanDepartment of Basic Health Sciences, Preparatory Year, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi ArabiaThin Film and Wet Chemistry Lab, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Sindh, PakistanThin Film and Wet Chemistry Lab, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Sindh, PakistanInstitute of Environmental Sciences, University of Sindh Jamshoro, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, PakistanThin Film and Wet Chemistry Lab, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Sindh, PakistanInstitute of Physics, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, PakistanDr. M.A Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, PakistanBiology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi ArabiaDr. M.A Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, PakistanThe present study describes the use of a leaf extract from <i>Ficus carica</i> as a source of natural antioxidants for the surface alteration of bulk titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) in two steps. First, the hydro-thermal treatment of the bulk TiO<sub>2</sub> material was carried out and followed by thermal annealing at 300 °C for 3 h in air. The role of the leaf extract of <i>Ficus carica</i> on the performance of the bulk TiO<sub>2</sub> material for the removal of methylene blue (MB) was also studied. Various analytical techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to explore the crystalline structure, morphology, and composition. The bulk TiO<sub>2</sub> material after the leaf-extract treatment exhibited mixed anatase and rutile phases, a flower-like morphology, and Ti, O, and C were its main elements. The average crystallite size was also calculated, and the obtained values for the bulk TiO<sub>2</sub> material, 18.11 nm, and the treated bulk TiO<sub>2</sub> material with various amounts, 5, 10, and 15 mL, of leaf extract were 16.4, 13.16, and 10.29 nm respectively. Moreover, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy validated the typical metal–oxygen bonds and strengthened the XRD results. The bulk TiO<sub>2</sub> material chemically treated with <i>Ficus carica</i> has shown outstanding activity towards the degradation of MB under sunlight. The 15 mL of <i>Ficus carica</i> extract significantly enhanced the photocatalytic activity of the bulk TiO<sub>2</sub> material towards the degradation of MB. The dye degradation efficiency was found to be 98.8%, which was experimentally proven by the Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopoyy (FTIR) analysis. The obtained performance of the bulk TiO<sub>2</sub> material with <i>Ficus carica</i> revealed excellent surface modifying properties for poorly-performing photocatalysts towards the degradation of synthetic dyes when used in their pristine form. The presented approach suggests that <i>Ficus carica</i> could be of great interest for tuning the surface properties of materials, either in the form of nano-size or bulk-phase in a particular application.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/12/16/2766<i>Ficus carica</i>bulk TiO<sub>2</sub> materialmethylene blue |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Ali Bhatti Sadaf Jamal Gilani Aqeel Ahmed Shah Iftikhar Ahmed Channa Khalida Faryal Almani Ali Dad Chandio Imran Ali Halepoto Aneela Tahira May Nasser Bin Jumah Zafar Hussain Ibupoto Effective Removal of Methylene Blue by Surface Alteration of TiO<sub>2</sub> with Ficus Carica Leaf Extract under Visible Light Nanomaterials <i>Ficus carica</i> bulk TiO<sub>2</sub> material methylene blue |
| title | Effective Removal of Methylene Blue by Surface Alteration of TiO<sub>2</sub> with Ficus Carica Leaf Extract under Visible Light |
| title_full | Effective Removal of Methylene Blue by Surface Alteration of TiO<sub>2</sub> with Ficus Carica Leaf Extract under Visible Light |
| title_fullStr | Effective Removal of Methylene Blue by Surface Alteration of TiO<sub>2</sub> with Ficus Carica Leaf Extract under Visible Light |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effective Removal of Methylene Blue by Surface Alteration of TiO<sub>2</sub> with Ficus Carica Leaf Extract under Visible Light |
| title_short | Effective Removal of Methylene Blue by Surface Alteration of TiO<sub>2</sub> with Ficus Carica Leaf Extract under Visible Light |
| title_sort | effective removal of methylene blue by surface alteration of tio sub 2 sub with ficus carica leaf extract under visible light |
| topic | <i>Ficus carica</i> bulk TiO<sub>2</sub> material methylene blue |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/12/16/2766 |
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