Translocator Protein TSPO (Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor): The Modern Story of the Ancient Preserved Protein with Ambiguous Functions
In several tissues, including the brain, heart, blood, intestines, adrenal glands, and liver, the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) was shown to be the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor. There is strong evidence that TSPO is expressed in microglial cells in the central nervous system. Five transme...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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College of Pharmacy University of Baghdad
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://bijps.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/bijps/article/view/2303 |
| _version_ | 1797244463515435008 |
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| author | Yassir Mustafa Kamal Al Mulla Hummadi |
| author_facet | Yassir Mustafa Kamal Al Mulla Hummadi |
| author_sort | Yassir Mustafa Kamal Al Mulla Hummadi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In several tissues, including the brain, heart, blood, intestines, adrenal glands, and liver, the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) was shown to be the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor. There is strong evidence that TSPO is expressed in microglial cells in the central nervous system. Five transmembrane regions are seen at the cellular level in TSPO at the contact points between the outer and inner layers of mitochondria. The cytosolic region of the complex of amino acids that binds cholesterol is where cholesterol is taken up. TSPO is found as a monomer of 18 kDa and homomultimers and homodimers. Different factors, such as cholesterol concentration and reactive oxygen species, change the multimeric structure. As a result, TSPO gains responsibility for transferring cholesterol to the mitochondrial intermembrane space, transforming it into a steroid. Additionally, TSPO appears to collaborate with other mitochondrial membrane proteins to play a part in regulating the activity of the MPTP (mitochondrial permeability transition pore) and, therefore, in the elements of apoptosis. In vivo imaging of TSPO addresses a significant test in examining brain pathology like neuroinflammatory, Alzheimer’s, and schizophrenia. Additionally, TSPO’s use as a biomarker may have important implications for developing more viable diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The current work surveys the TSPO cellular origin and attempts to comprehend its role in various physiological and pathological conditions.
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| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T19:11:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1ae1fe2325b3436993a03105bde43656 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1683-3597 2521-3512 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T19:11:25Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | College of Pharmacy University of Baghdad |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-1ae1fe2325b3436993a03105bde436562024-03-26T09:20:49ZengCollege of Pharmacy University of BaghdadIraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences1683-35972521-35122024-03-0133110.31351/vol33iss1pp1-10Translocator Protein TSPO (Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor): The Modern Story of the Ancient Preserved Protein with Ambiguous FunctionsYassir Mustafa Kamal Al Mulla Hummadi0Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.In several tissues, including the brain, heart, blood, intestines, adrenal glands, and liver, the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) was shown to be the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor. There is strong evidence that TSPO is expressed in microglial cells in the central nervous system. Five transmembrane regions are seen at the cellular level in TSPO at the contact points between the outer and inner layers of mitochondria. The cytosolic region of the complex of amino acids that binds cholesterol is where cholesterol is taken up. TSPO is found as a monomer of 18 kDa and homomultimers and homodimers. Different factors, such as cholesterol concentration and reactive oxygen species, change the multimeric structure. As a result, TSPO gains responsibility for transferring cholesterol to the mitochondrial intermembrane space, transforming it into a steroid. Additionally, TSPO appears to collaborate with other mitochondrial membrane proteins to play a part in regulating the activity of the MPTP (mitochondrial permeability transition pore) and, therefore, in the elements of apoptosis. In vivo imaging of TSPO addresses a significant test in examining brain pathology like neuroinflammatory, Alzheimer’s, and schizophrenia. Additionally, TSPO’s use as a biomarker may have important implications for developing more viable diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The current work surveys the TSPO cellular origin and attempts to comprehend its role in various physiological and pathological conditions. https://bijps.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/bijps/article/view/2303Keywords: peripheral benzodiazepine receptors, translocator protein TSPO, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein StAR, cholesterol, mitochondria, central benzodiazepine receptor CBR, peripheral benzodiazepine receptor PBR |
| spellingShingle | Yassir Mustafa Kamal Al Mulla Hummadi Translocator Protein TSPO (Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor): The Modern Story of the Ancient Preserved Protein with Ambiguous Functions Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Keywords: peripheral benzodiazepine receptors, translocator protein TSPO, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein StAR, cholesterol, mitochondria, central benzodiazepine receptor CBR, peripheral benzodiazepine receptor PBR |
| title | Translocator Protein TSPO (Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor): The Modern Story of the Ancient Preserved Protein with Ambiguous Functions |
| title_full | Translocator Protein TSPO (Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor): The Modern Story of the Ancient Preserved Protein with Ambiguous Functions |
| title_fullStr | Translocator Protein TSPO (Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor): The Modern Story of the Ancient Preserved Protein with Ambiguous Functions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Translocator Protein TSPO (Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor): The Modern Story of the Ancient Preserved Protein with Ambiguous Functions |
| title_short | Translocator Protein TSPO (Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor): The Modern Story of the Ancient Preserved Protein with Ambiguous Functions |
| title_sort | translocator protein tspo peripheral benzodiazepine receptor the modern story of the ancient preserved protein with ambiguous functions |
| topic | Keywords: peripheral benzodiazepine receptors, translocator protein TSPO, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein StAR, cholesterol, mitochondria, central benzodiazepine receptor CBR, peripheral benzodiazepine receptor PBR |
| url | https://bijps.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/bijps/article/view/2303 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yassirmustafakamalalmullahummadi translocatorproteintspoperipheralbenzodiazepinereceptorthemodernstoryoftheancientpreservedproteinwithambiguousfunctions |