Defense Mechanisms Induced by Celery Seed Essential Oil against Powdery Mildew Incited by <i>Podosphaera fusca</i> in Cucumber
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of essential oil extracted from celery (<i>Apium graveolens</i>) seeds (CSEO) for the control of powdery mildew of cucumber (<i>Cucumis sativus</i>) incited by <i>Podosphaera fusca</i> and to investigate the metabolic...
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Journal of Fungi |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/10/1/17 |
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| author | Hajar Soleimani Reza Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa Mustafa Ghanadian Akbar Karami Santa Olga Cacciola |
| author_facet | Hajar Soleimani Reza Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa Mustafa Ghanadian Akbar Karami Santa Olga Cacciola |
| author_sort | Hajar Soleimani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of essential oil extracted from celery (<i>Apium graveolens</i>) seeds (CSEO) for the control of powdery mildew of cucumber (<i>Cucumis sativus</i>) incited by <i>Podosphaera fusca</i> and to investigate the metabolic and genetic defense mechanisms triggered by the treatment with this essential oil in cucumber seedlings. The main compounds in the CSEO as determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis were <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-limonene, 3-butyl phthalide, β-selinene, and mandelic acid. The treatment with CSEO led to an increase in the content of both chlorophyll and phenolic/flavonoid compounds in cucumber leaves. In greenhouse tests, the application of CSEO reduced by 60% the disease severity on leaves of cucumber plants and stimulated the activity of defense-related enzymes such as β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase. Moreover, treatment with CSEO induced overexpression of β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase genes. A highly significant correlation was found between the β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzymatic activities and the relative expression of the corresponding encoding genes in both inoculated and non-inoculated cucumber seedlings treated with the essential oil. Overall, this study showed that CSEO is a promising eco-friendly candidate fungicide that can be exploited to control cucumber powdery mildew. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:45:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1b249383eaa648f3a8bc4cc386cc7e61 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2309-608X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:45:01Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Fungi |
| spelling | doaj.art-1b249383eaa648f3a8bc4cc386cc7e612024-01-26T17:18:31ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2023-12-011011710.3390/jof10010017Defense Mechanisms Induced by Celery Seed Essential Oil against Powdery Mildew Incited by <i>Podosphaera fusca</i> in CucumberHajar Soleimani0Reza Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa1Mustafa Ghanadian2Akbar Karami3Santa Olga Cacciola4Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7144113131, IranDepartment of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7144113131, IranDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174673461, IranDepartment of Horticultural Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7144113131, IranDepartment of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, ItalyThis study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of essential oil extracted from celery (<i>Apium graveolens</i>) seeds (CSEO) for the control of powdery mildew of cucumber (<i>Cucumis sativus</i>) incited by <i>Podosphaera fusca</i> and to investigate the metabolic and genetic defense mechanisms triggered by the treatment with this essential oil in cucumber seedlings. The main compounds in the CSEO as determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis were <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-limonene, 3-butyl phthalide, β-selinene, and mandelic acid. The treatment with CSEO led to an increase in the content of both chlorophyll and phenolic/flavonoid compounds in cucumber leaves. In greenhouse tests, the application of CSEO reduced by 60% the disease severity on leaves of cucumber plants and stimulated the activity of defense-related enzymes such as β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase. Moreover, treatment with CSEO induced overexpression of β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase genes. A highly significant correlation was found between the β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzymatic activities and the relative expression of the corresponding encoding genes in both inoculated and non-inoculated cucumber seedlings treated with the essential oil. Overall, this study showed that CSEO is a promising eco-friendly candidate fungicide that can be exploited to control cucumber powdery mildew.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/10/1/17<i>Apium graveolens</i><i>Cucumis sativus</i><span style="font-variant: small-caps">d</span>-limonenephenolsflavonoidschlorophyll |
| spellingShingle | Hajar Soleimani Reza Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa Mustafa Ghanadian Akbar Karami Santa Olga Cacciola Defense Mechanisms Induced by Celery Seed Essential Oil against Powdery Mildew Incited by <i>Podosphaera fusca</i> in Cucumber Journal of Fungi <i>Apium graveolens</i> <i>Cucumis sativus</i> <span style="font-variant: small-caps">d</span>-limonene phenols flavonoids chlorophyll |
| title | Defense Mechanisms Induced by Celery Seed Essential Oil against Powdery Mildew Incited by <i>Podosphaera fusca</i> in Cucumber |
| title_full | Defense Mechanisms Induced by Celery Seed Essential Oil against Powdery Mildew Incited by <i>Podosphaera fusca</i> in Cucumber |
| title_fullStr | Defense Mechanisms Induced by Celery Seed Essential Oil against Powdery Mildew Incited by <i>Podosphaera fusca</i> in Cucumber |
| title_full_unstemmed | Defense Mechanisms Induced by Celery Seed Essential Oil against Powdery Mildew Incited by <i>Podosphaera fusca</i> in Cucumber |
| title_short | Defense Mechanisms Induced by Celery Seed Essential Oil against Powdery Mildew Incited by <i>Podosphaera fusca</i> in Cucumber |
| title_sort | defense mechanisms induced by celery seed essential oil against powdery mildew incited by i podosphaera fusca i in cucumber |
| topic | <i>Apium graveolens</i> <i>Cucumis sativus</i> <span style="font-variant: small-caps">d</span>-limonene phenols flavonoids chlorophyll |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/10/1/17 |
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