High Dietary Phosphorus Is Associated with Increased Breast Cancer Risk in a U.S. Cohort of Middle-Aged Women
Research has shown that high amounts of dietary phosphorus that are twice the amount of the U.S. dietary reference intake of 700 mg for adults are associated with all-cause mortality, phosphate toxicity, and tumorigenesis. The present nested case–control study measured the relative risk of self-repo...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/17/3735 |
| _version_ | 1797582031151955968 |
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| author | Ronald B. Brown Philip Bigelow Joel A. Dubin John G. Mielke |
| author_facet | Ronald B. Brown Philip Bigelow Joel A. Dubin John G. Mielke |
| author_sort | Ronald B. Brown |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Research has shown that high amounts of dietary phosphorus that are twice the amount of the U.S. dietary reference intake of 700 mg for adults are associated with all-cause mortality, phosphate toxicity, and tumorigenesis. The present nested case–control study measured the relative risk of self-reported breast cancer associated with dietary phosphate intake over 10 annual visits in a cohort of middle-aged U.S. women from the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Analyzing data from food frequency questionnaires, the highest level of daily dietary phosphorus intake, >1800 mg of phosphorus, was approximately equivalent to the dietary phosphorus levels in menus promoted by the United States Department of Agriculture. After adjusting for participants’ energy intake, this level of dietary phosphorus was associated with a 2.3-fold increased risk of breast cancer incidence compared to the reference dietary phosphorus level of 800 to 1000 mg, which is based on recommendations from the U.S. National Kidney Foundation, (RR: 2.30, 95% CI: 0.94–5.61, <i>p</i> = 0.07). Despite the lack of statistical significance, likely due to the small sample size of the cohort, the present nested case–control study’s clinically significant effect size, dose–response, temporality, specificity, biological plausibility, consistency, coherence, and analogy with other research findings meet the criteria for inferred causality in observational studies, warranting further investigations. Furthermore, these findings suggest that a low-phosphate diet should be tested on patients with breast cancer. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:16:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1b2aee451ed1479594a6d0b0faf943bc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:16:04Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-1b2aee451ed1479594a6d0b0faf943bc2023-11-19T08:38:23ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432023-08-011517373510.3390/nu15173735High Dietary Phosphorus Is Associated with Increased Breast Cancer Risk in a U.S. Cohort of Middle-Aged WomenRonald B. Brown0Philip Bigelow1Joel A. Dubin2John G. Mielke3School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaSchool of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaSchool of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaSchool of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaResearch has shown that high amounts of dietary phosphorus that are twice the amount of the U.S. dietary reference intake of 700 mg for adults are associated with all-cause mortality, phosphate toxicity, and tumorigenesis. The present nested case–control study measured the relative risk of self-reported breast cancer associated with dietary phosphate intake over 10 annual visits in a cohort of middle-aged U.S. women from the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Analyzing data from food frequency questionnaires, the highest level of daily dietary phosphorus intake, >1800 mg of phosphorus, was approximately equivalent to the dietary phosphorus levels in menus promoted by the United States Department of Agriculture. After adjusting for participants’ energy intake, this level of dietary phosphorus was associated with a 2.3-fold increased risk of breast cancer incidence compared to the reference dietary phosphorus level of 800 to 1000 mg, which is based on recommendations from the U.S. National Kidney Foundation, (RR: 2.30, 95% CI: 0.94–5.61, <i>p</i> = 0.07). Despite the lack of statistical significance, likely due to the small sample size of the cohort, the present nested case–control study’s clinically significant effect size, dose–response, temporality, specificity, biological plausibility, consistency, coherence, and analogy with other research findings meet the criteria for inferred causality in observational studies, warranting further investigations. Furthermore, these findings suggest that a low-phosphate diet should be tested on patients with breast cancer.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/17/3735breast cancerdietary phosphorusStudy of Women’s Health Across the Nationrelative risknested case–control studytumorigenesis |
| spellingShingle | Ronald B. Brown Philip Bigelow Joel A. Dubin John G. Mielke High Dietary Phosphorus Is Associated with Increased Breast Cancer Risk in a U.S. Cohort of Middle-Aged Women Nutrients breast cancer dietary phosphorus Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation relative risk nested case–control study tumorigenesis |
| title | High Dietary Phosphorus Is Associated with Increased Breast Cancer Risk in a U.S. Cohort of Middle-Aged Women |
| title_full | High Dietary Phosphorus Is Associated with Increased Breast Cancer Risk in a U.S. Cohort of Middle-Aged Women |
| title_fullStr | High Dietary Phosphorus Is Associated with Increased Breast Cancer Risk in a U.S. Cohort of Middle-Aged Women |
| title_full_unstemmed | High Dietary Phosphorus Is Associated with Increased Breast Cancer Risk in a U.S. Cohort of Middle-Aged Women |
| title_short | High Dietary Phosphorus Is Associated with Increased Breast Cancer Risk in a U.S. Cohort of Middle-Aged Women |
| title_sort | high dietary phosphorus is associated with increased breast cancer risk in a u s cohort of middle aged women |
| topic | breast cancer dietary phosphorus Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation relative risk nested case–control study tumorigenesis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/17/3735 |
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