Microstructure and Solute Concentration Analysis of Epitaxial Growth during Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing of Aluminum Alloy
Microstructure and solute distribution have a significant impact on the mechanical properties of wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) deposits. In this study, a multiscale model, consisting of a macroscopic finite element (FE) model and a microscopic phase field (PF) model, was used to predict...
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/13/5/776 |
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| author | Ruwei Geng Yanhai Cheng Luqiang Chao Zhengying Wei Ninshu Ma |
| author_facet | Ruwei Geng Yanhai Cheng Luqiang Chao Zhengying Wei Ninshu Ma |
| author_sort | Ruwei Geng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Microstructure and solute distribution have a significant impact on the mechanical properties of wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) deposits. In this study, a multiscale model, consisting of a macroscopic finite element (FE) model and a microscopic phase field (PF) model, was used to predict the 2319 Al alloy microstructure evolution with epitaxial growth. Temperature fields, and the corresponding temperature gradient under the selected process parameters, were calculated by the FE model. Based on the results of macroscopic thermal simulation on the WAAM process, a PF model with a misorientation angle was employed to simulate the microstructure and competitive behaviors under the effect of epitaxial growth of grains. The dendrites with high misorientation angles experienced competitive growth and tended to be eliminated in the solidification process. The inclined dendrites are commonly hindered by other grains in front of the dendrite tip. Moreover, the solute enrichment near the solid/liquid interface reduced the driving force of solidification. The inclined angle of dendrites increased with the misorientation angle, and the solute distributions near the interface had similar patterns, but various concentrations, with different misorientation angles. Finally, metallographic experiments were conducted on the WAAM specimen to validate the morphology and size of the dendrites, and electron backscattered diffraction was used to indicate the preferred orientation of grains near the fusion line, proving the existence of epitaxial growth. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:49:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1b3983c926af4f1098ff66f8f7dbe8e1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4352 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:49:22Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Crystals |
| spelling | doaj.art-1b3983c926af4f1098ff66f8f7dbe8e12023-11-18T00:59:46ZengMDPI AGCrystals2073-43522023-05-0113577610.3390/cryst13050776Microstructure and Solute Concentration Analysis of Epitaxial Growth during Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing of Aluminum AlloyRuwei Geng0Yanhai Cheng1Luqiang Chao2Zhengying Wei3Ninshu Ma4School of Mechanical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, ChinaSchool of Mechanical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, ChinaShandong Jiaotong College Mechanical Equipment Technology Company, Jinan 250031, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, ChinaJoining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Osaka, JapanMicrostructure and solute distribution have a significant impact on the mechanical properties of wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) deposits. In this study, a multiscale model, consisting of a macroscopic finite element (FE) model and a microscopic phase field (PF) model, was used to predict the 2319 Al alloy microstructure evolution with epitaxial growth. Temperature fields, and the corresponding temperature gradient under the selected process parameters, were calculated by the FE model. Based on the results of macroscopic thermal simulation on the WAAM process, a PF model with a misorientation angle was employed to simulate the microstructure and competitive behaviors under the effect of epitaxial growth of grains. The dendrites with high misorientation angles experienced competitive growth and tended to be eliminated in the solidification process. The inclined dendrites are commonly hindered by other grains in front of the dendrite tip. Moreover, the solute enrichment near the solid/liquid interface reduced the driving force of solidification. The inclined angle of dendrites increased with the misorientation angle, and the solute distributions near the interface had similar patterns, but various concentrations, with different misorientation angles. Finally, metallographic experiments were conducted on the WAAM specimen to validate the morphology and size of the dendrites, and electron backscattered diffraction was used to indicate the preferred orientation of grains near the fusion line, proving the existence of epitaxial growth.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/13/5/776WAAMmicrostructureepitaxial growthconcentration distributionphase field |
| spellingShingle | Ruwei Geng Yanhai Cheng Luqiang Chao Zhengying Wei Ninshu Ma Microstructure and Solute Concentration Analysis of Epitaxial Growth during Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing of Aluminum Alloy Crystals WAAM microstructure epitaxial growth concentration distribution phase field |
| title | Microstructure and Solute Concentration Analysis of Epitaxial Growth during Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing of Aluminum Alloy |
| title_full | Microstructure and Solute Concentration Analysis of Epitaxial Growth during Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing of Aluminum Alloy |
| title_fullStr | Microstructure and Solute Concentration Analysis of Epitaxial Growth during Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing of Aluminum Alloy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microstructure and Solute Concentration Analysis of Epitaxial Growth during Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing of Aluminum Alloy |
| title_short | Microstructure and Solute Concentration Analysis of Epitaxial Growth during Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing of Aluminum Alloy |
| title_sort | microstructure and solute concentration analysis of epitaxial growth during wire and arc additive manufacturing of aluminum alloy |
| topic | WAAM microstructure epitaxial growth concentration distribution phase field |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/13/5/776 |
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