Blood Cadmium Levels and Oxygen Desaturation during the 6-Minute Walk Test in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
<i>Background and Objectives:</i> chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent airflow limitation and a history of exposure to noxious stimuli. Cigarette smoking is the most important causal factor for developing COPD. Cadmium, a minor metallic element, is...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-10-01
|
| Series: | Medicina |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/57/11/1160 |
| _version_ | 1797509423112912896 |
|---|---|
| author | Li-Chung Chiu Ping-Chih Hsu Tzung-Hai Yen Scott Chih-Hsi Kuo Yueh-Fu Fang Yu-Lun Lo Shu-Min Lin Cheng-Ta Yang Chung-Shu Lee |
| author_facet | Li-Chung Chiu Ping-Chih Hsu Tzung-Hai Yen Scott Chih-Hsi Kuo Yueh-Fu Fang Yu-Lun Lo Shu-Min Lin Cheng-Ta Yang Chung-Shu Lee |
| author_sort | Li-Chung Chiu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Background and Objectives:</i> chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent airflow limitation and a history of exposure to noxious stimuli. Cigarette smoking is the most important causal factor for developing COPD. Cadmium, a minor metallic element, is one of the main inorganic components in tobacco smoke. Inhaled cadmium was associated with a decline in lung function, gas exchange impairment, and the development of obstructive lung disease. Patients with COPD who had oxygen desaturation during the 6-min walk test (6MWT) had a significantly worse prognosis than non-desaturation in COPD patients. Nonetheless, few studies have addressed the influence of blood cadmium levels on exercise-induced oxygen desaturation in COPD patients. Our objective was to assess the potential impact of blood cadmium levels on oxygen desaturation during the 6MWT among COPD patients. <i>Materials and Methods:</i> we performed a retrospective analysis of patients with COPD who were examined for blood cadmium levels in a tertiary care referral center in Taiwan, between March 2020 and May 2021. The 6-min walk test was performed. Normal control subjects who had no evidence of COPD were also enrolled. <i>Results:</i> a total of 73 COPD patients were analyzed and stratified into the high-blood cadmium group (13 patients) and low-blood cadmium group (60 patients). A total of 50 normal control subjects without a diagnosis of COPD were enrolled. The high-blood cadmium group had a significantly higher extent of desaturation than the low-blood cadmium group. The frequency of desaturation during 6MWT revealed a stepwise-increasing trend with an increase in blood cadmium levels. A multivariable logistic regression model revealed that blood cadmium levels were independently associated with desaturation during the 6MWT (odds ratio 12.849 [95% CI 1.168–141.329]; <i>p</i> = 0.037). <i>Conclusions:</i> our findings indicate that blood cadmium levels, within the normal range, were significantly associated with desaturation during 6MWT in patients with COPD. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:17:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1b6d3576f5f441f3bb57645741371a61 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1010-660X 1648-9144 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:17:29Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Medicina |
| spelling | doaj.art-1b6d3576f5f441f3bb57645741371a612023-11-23T00:16:35ZengMDPI AGMedicina1010-660X1648-91442021-10-015711116010.3390/medicina57111160Blood Cadmium Levels and Oxygen Desaturation during the 6-Minute Walk Test in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseLi-Chung Chiu0Ping-Chih Hsu1Tzung-Hai Yen2Scott Chih-Hsi Kuo3Yueh-Fu Fang4Yu-Lun Lo5Shu-Min Lin6Cheng-Ta Yang7Chung-Shu Lee8Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, TaiwanDepartment of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, TaiwanDepartment of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, TaiwanDepartment of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, TaiwanDepartment of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, TaiwanDepartment of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, TaiwanDepartment of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, TaiwanDepartment of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, TaiwanDepartment of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan<i>Background and Objectives:</i> chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent airflow limitation and a history of exposure to noxious stimuli. Cigarette smoking is the most important causal factor for developing COPD. Cadmium, a minor metallic element, is one of the main inorganic components in tobacco smoke. Inhaled cadmium was associated with a decline in lung function, gas exchange impairment, and the development of obstructive lung disease. Patients with COPD who had oxygen desaturation during the 6-min walk test (6MWT) had a significantly worse prognosis than non-desaturation in COPD patients. Nonetheless, few studies have addressed the influence of blood cadmium levels on exercise-induced oxygen desaturation in COPD patients. Our objective was to assess the potential impact of blood cadmium levels on oxygen desaturation during the 6MWT among COPD patients. <i>Materials and Methods:</i> we performed a retrospective analysis of patients with COPD who were examined for blood cadmium levels in a tertiary care referral center in Taiwan, between March 2020 and May 2021. The 6-min walk test was performed. Normal control subjects who had no evidence of COPD were also enrolled. <i>Results:</i> a total of 73 COPD patients were analyzed and stratified into the high-blood cadmium group (13 patients) and low-blood cadmium group (60 patients). A total of 50 normal control subjects without a diagnosis of COPD were enrolled. The high-blood cadmium group had a significantly higher extent of desaturation than the low-blood cadmium group. The frequency of desaturation during 6MWT revealed a stepwise-increasing trend with an increase in blood cadmium levels. A multivariable logistic regression model revealed that blood cadmium levels were independently associated with desaturation during the 6MWT (odds ratio 12.849 [95% CI 1.168–141.329]; <i>p</i> = 0.037). <i>Conclusions:</i> our findings indicate that blood cadmium levels, within the normal range, were significantly associated with desaturation during 6MWT in patients with COPD.https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/57/11/1160cadmiumchronic obstructive pulmonary disease6-min walk testdesaturation |
| spellingShingle | Li-Chung Chiu Ping-Chih Hsu Tzung-Hai Yen Scott Chih-Hsi Kuo Yueh-Fu Fang Yu-Lun Lo Shu-Min Lin Cheng-Ta Yang Chung-Shu Lee Blood Cadmium Levels and Oxygen Desaturation during the 6-Minute Walk Test in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Medicina cadmium chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 6-min walk test desaturation |
| title | Blood Cadmium Levels and Oxygen Desaturation during the 6-Minute Walk Test in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
| title_full | Blood Cadmium Levels and Oxygen Desaturation during the 6-Minute Walk Test in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
| title_fullStr | Blood Cadmium Levels and Oxygen Desaturation during the 6-Minute Walk Test in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | Blood Cadmium Levels and Oxygen Desaturation during the 6-Minute Walk Test in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
| title_short | Blood Cadmium Levels and Oxygen Desaturation during the 6-Minute Walk Test in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
| title_sort | blood cadmium levels and oxygen desaturation during the 6 minute walk test in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| topic | cadmium chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 6-min walk test desaturation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/57/11/1160 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lichungchiu bloodcadmiumlevelsandoxygendesaturationduringthe6minutewalktestinpatientswithchronicobstructivepulmonarydisease AT pingchihhsu bloodcadmiumlevelsandoxygendesaturationduringthe6minutewalktestinpatientswithchronicobstructivepulmonarydisease AT tzunghaiyen bloodcadmiumlevelsandoxygendesaturationduringthe6minutewalktestinpatientswithchronicobstructivepulmonarydisease AT scottchihhsikuo bloodcadmiumlevelsandoxygendesaturationduringthe6minutewalktestinpatientswithchronicobstructivepulmonarydisease AT yuehfufang bloodcadmiumlevelsandoxygendesaturationduringthe6minutewalktestinpatientswithchronicobstructivepulmonarydisease AT yulunlo bloodcadmiumlevelsandoxygendesaturationduringthe6minutewalktestinpatientswithchronicobstructivepulmonarydisease AT shuminlin bloodcadmiumlevelsandoxygendesaturationduringthe6minutewalktestinpatientswithchronicobstructivepulmonarydisease AT chengtayang bloodcadmiumlevelsandoxygendesaturationduringthe6minutewalktestinpatientswithchronicobstructivepulmonarydisease AT chungshulee bloodcadmiumlevelsandoxygendesaturationduringthe6minutewalktestinpatientswithchronicobstructivepulmonarydisease |