| Summary: | Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with an increased risk of stroke and the combination of AF and mitral stenosis (MS) is associated with a higher risk. In developed nations, degenerative mitral stenosis (DMS) constitutes a sizeable proportion of patients with MS. Current international guidelines do not offer recommendations regarding anticoagulation in these patients. The objective of this study was to describe the incidence of stroke or systemic embolism in patients with DMS with or without prevalent AF. Methods: A cohort study of DMS patients from 1997 to 2018, using data from the Danish health registries. The cohort was stratified based on AF prevalence and prior ischemic stroke. The primary outcome was a diagnosis of ischemic stroke or systemic embolism after 1 year of follow-up from time of DMS diagnosis. Results: The study included 1162 patients with DMS, of which 421 had prevalent AF. The incidence rate of stroke or systemic embolism after 1 year of follow-up was highest in the DMS without AF group (7.58 vs. 6.63 per 100 person-years). In both groups, DMS without AF and DMS with AF, the incidence rate was highest in patients with prior thromboembolic events (29.61 vs. 5.15 and 19.53 vs. 5.15, respectively). Conclusions: The incidence rate of stroke or systemic embolism was highest in DMS patients without AF. Current Danish guidelines recommend DMS patients should be treated with anticoagulation only with concurrent AF, yet our results call for additional research to establish if DMS patients without AF could benefit from stroke prevention therapy.
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