Insulin-Responsive Transcription Factors
The hormone insulin executes its function via binding and activating of the insulin receptor, a receptor tyrosine kinase that is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle, adipocytes, liver, pancreatic β-cells, and in some areas of the central nervous system. Stimulation of the insulin receptor activates...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Biomolecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/12/1886 |
| _version_ | 1797506424753881088 |
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| author | Gerald Thiel Lisbeth A. Guethlein Oliver G. Rössler |
| author_facet | Gerald Thiel Lisbeth A. Guethlein Oliver G. Rössler |
| author_sort | Gerald Thiel |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The hormone insulin executes its function via binding and activating of the insulin receptor, a receptor tyrosine kinase that is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle, adipocytes, liver, pancreatic β-cells, and in some areas of the central nervous system. Stimulation of the insulin receptor activates intracellular signaling cascades involving the enzymes extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase B/Akt, and phospholipase Cγ as signal transducers. Insulin receptor stimulation is correlated with multiple physiological and biochemical functions, including glucose transport, glucose homeostasis, food intake, proliferation, glycolysis, and lipogenesis. This review article focuses on the activation of gene transcription as a result of insulin receptor stimulation. Signal transducers such as protein kinases or the GLUT4-induced influx of glucose connect insulin receptor stimulation with transcription. We discuss insulin-responsive transcription factors that respond to insulin receptor activation and generate a transcriptional network executing the metabolic functions of insulin. Importantly, insulin receptor stimulation induces transcription of genes encoding essential enzymes of glycolysis and lipogenesis and inhibits genes encoding essential enzymes of gluconeogenesis. Overall, the activation or inhibition of insulin-responsive transcription factors is an essential aspect of orchestrating a wide range of insulin-induced changes in the biochemistry and physiology of insulin-responsive tissues. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:32:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1bb8ab1a02c14994a6e2bbeb424d3790 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-273X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:32:27Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomolecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-1bb8ab1a02c14994a6e2bbeb424d37902023-11-23T04:00:44ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2021-12-011112188610.3390/biom11121886Insulin-Responsive Transcription FactorsGerald Thiel0Lisbeth A. Guethlein1Oliver G. Rössler2Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, GermanyDepartment of Structural Biology and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USADepartment of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, GermanyThe hormone insulin executes its function via binding and activating of the insulin receptor, a receptor tyrosine kinase that is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle, adipocytes, liver, pancreatic β-cells, and in some areas of the central nervous system. Stimulation of the insulin receptor activates intracellular signaling cascades involving the enzymes extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase B/Akt, and phospholipase Cγ as signal transducers. Insulin receptor stimulation is correlated with multiple physiological and biochemical functions, including glucose transport, glucose homeostasis, food intake, proliferation, glycolysis, and lipogenesis. This review article focuses on the activation of gene transcription as a result of insulin receptor stimulation. Signal transducers such as protein kinases or the GLUT4-induced influx of glucose connect insulin receptor stimulation with transcription. We discuss insulin-responsive transcription factors that respond to insulin receptor activation and generate a transcriptional network executing the metabolic functions of insulin. Importantly, insulin receptor stimulation induces transcription of genes encoding essential enzymes of glycolysis and lipogenesis and inhibits genes encoding essential enzymes of gluconeogenesis. Overall, the activation or inhibition of insulin-responsive transcription factors is an essential aspect of orchestrating a wide range of insulin-induced changes in the biochemistry and physiology of insulin-responsive tissues.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/12/1886ChREBPEgr-1Elk-1FoxO1liver X receptorSREBP-1c |
| spellingShingle | Gerald Thiel Lisbeth A. Guethlein Oliver G. Rössler Insulin-Responsive Transcription Factors Biomolecules ChREBP Egr-1 Elk-1 FoxO1 liver X receptor SREBP-1c |
| title | Insulin-Responsive Transcription Factors |
| title_full | Insulin-Responsive Transcription Factors |
| title_fullStr | Insulin-Responsive Transcription Factors |
| title_full_unstemmed | Insulin-Responsive Transcription Factors |
| title_short | Insulin-Responsive Transcription Factors |
| title_sort | insulin responsive transcription factors |
| topic | ChREBP Egr-1 Elk-1 FoxO1 liver X receptor SREBP-1c |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/12/1886 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT geraldthiel insulinresponsivetranscriptionfactors AT lisbethaguethlein insulinresponsivetranscriptionfactors AT olivergrossler insulinresponsivetranscriptionfactors |