Utilization of Yeast Waste Fermented Citric Waste as a Protein Source to Replace Soybean Meal and Various Roughage to Concentrate Ratios on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation, Gas Kinetic, and Feed Digestion
The objective of this study was to determine the application of citric waste fermented yeast waste (CWYW) obtained from an agro-industrial by-product as a protein source to replace soybean meal (SBM) in a concentrate diet. We also determined the effect of various roughage to concentrate ratios (R:C)...
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Fermentation |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/7/3/120 |
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| author | Chaichana Suriyapha Anusorn Cherdthong Chanon Suntara Sineenart Polyorach |
| author_facet | Chaichana Suriyapha Anusorn Cherdthong Chanon Suntara Sineenart Polyorach |
| author_sort | Chaichana Suriyapha |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The objective of this study was to determine the application of citric waste fermented yeast waste (CWYW) obtained from an agro-industrial by-product as a protein source to replace soybean meal (SBM) in a concentrate diet. We also determined the effect of various roughage to concentrate ratios (R:C) on the gas production kinetics, ruminal characteristics, and in vitro digestibility using an in vitro gas production technique. The experiment design was a 3 × 5 factorial design arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD), with three replicates. There were three R:C ratios (60:40, 50:50, and 40:60) and five replacing SBM with CWYW (SBM:CWYW) ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100). The CWYW product’s crude protein (CP) content was 535 g/kg dry matter (DM). There was no interaction effect between R:C ratios and SBM:CWYW ratios for all parameters observed (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The SBM:CWYW ratio did not affect the kinetics and the cumulative amount of gas. However, the gas potential extent and cumulative production of gas were increased with the R:C ratio of 40:60, and the values were about 74.9 and 75.0 mL/0.5 g, respectively (<i>p</i> < 0.01). The replacement of SBM by CWYW at up to 75% did not alter in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), but 100% CWYW replacement significantly reduced (<i>p</i> < 0.05) IVDMD at 24 h of incubation and the mean value. In addition, IVDMD at 12 h and 24 h of incubation and the mean value were significantly increased with the R:C ratio of 40:60 (<i>p</i> < 0.01). The SBM:CWYW ratio did not change the ruminal pH and population of protozoa (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The ruminal pH was reduced at the R:C ratio of 40:60 (<i>p</i> < 0.01), whereas the protozoal population at 4 h was increased (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The SBM:CWYW ratio did not impact the in vitro volatile fatty acid (VFA) profile (<i>p</i> > 0.05). However, the total VFA, and propionate (C3) concentration were significantly increased (<i>p</i> < 0.01) by the R:C ratio of 40:60. In conclusion, the replacement of SBM by 75% CWYW did not show any negative impact on parameters observed, and the R:C ratio of 40:60 enhanced the gas kinetics, digestibility, VFA, and C3 concentration. |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:41:17Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-1bca65434d704913b3e23bdf49e135bf2023-11-22T12:59:25ZengMDPI AGFermentation2311-56372021-07-017312010.3390/fermentation7030120Utilization of Yeast Waste Fermented Citric Waste as a Protein Source to Replace Soybean Meal and Various Roughage to Concentrate Ratios on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation, Gas Kinetic, and Feed DigestionChaichana Suriyapha0Anusorn Cherdthong1Chanon Suntara2Sineenart Polyorach3Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, ThailandTropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, ThailandTropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, ThailandDepartment of Animal Production Technology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology, Bangkok 10520, ThailandThe objective of this study was to determine the application of citric waste fermented yeast waste (CWYW) obtained from an agro-industrial by-product as a protein source to replace soybean meal (SBM) in a concentrate diet. We also determined the effect of various roughage to concentrate ratios (R:C) on the gas production kinetics, ruminal characteristics, and in vitro digestibility using an in vitro gas production technique. The experiment design was a 3 × 5 factorial design arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD), with three replicates. There were three R:C ratios (60:40, 50:50, and 40:60) and five replacing SBM with CWYW (SBM:CWYW) ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100). The CWYW product’s crude protein (CP) content was 535 g/kg dry matter (DM). There was no interaction effect between R:C ratios and SBM:CWYW ratios for all parameters observed (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The SBM:CWYW ratio did not affect the kinetics and the cumulative amount of gas. However, the gas potential extent and cumulative production of gas were increased with the R:C ratio of 40:60, and the values were about 74.9 and 75.0 mL/0.5 g, respectively (<i>p</i> < 0.01). The replacement of SBM by CWYW at up to 75% did not alter in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), but 100% CWYW replacement significantly reduced (<i>p</i> < 0.05) IVDMD at 24 h of incubation and the mean value. In addition, IVDMD at 12 h and 24 h of incubation and the mean value were significantly increased with the R:C ratio of 40:60 (<i>p</i> < 0.01). The SBM:CWYW ratio did not change the ruminal pH and population of protozoa (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The ruminal pH was reduced at the R:C ratio of 40:60 (<i>p</i> < 0.01), whereas the protozoal population at 4 h was increased (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The SBM:CWYW ratio did not impact the in vitro volatile fatty acid (VFA) profile (<i>p</i> > 0.05). However, the total VFA, and propionate (C3) concentration were significantly increased (<i>p</i> < 0.01) by the R:C ratio of 40:60. In conclusion, the replacement of SBM by 75% CWYW did not show any negative impact on parameters observed, and the R:C ratio of 40:60 enhanced the gas kinetics, digestibility, VFA, and C3 concentration.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/7/3/120citric wasteyeast wasteindustrial by-productprotein source |
| spellingShingle | Chaichana Suriyapha Anusorn Cherdthong Chanon Suntara Sineenart Polyorach Utilization of Yeast Waste Fermented Citric Waste as a Protein Source to Replace Soybean Meal and Various Roughage to Concentrate Ratios on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation, Gas Kinetic, and Feed Digestion Fermentation citric waste yeast waste industrial by-product protein source |
| title | Utilization of Yeast Waste Fermented Citric Waste as a Protein Source to Replace Soybean Meal and Various Roughage to Concentrate Ratios on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation, Gas Kinetic, and Feed Digestion |
| title_full | Utilization of Yeast Waste Fermented Citric Waste as a Protein Source to Replace Soybean Meal and Various Roughage to Concentrate Ratios on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation, Gas Kinetic, and Feed Digestion |
| title_fullStr | Utilization of Yeast Waste Fermented Citric Waste as a Protein Source to Replace Soybean Meal and Various Roughage to Concentrate Ratios on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation, Gas Kinetic, and Feed Digestion |
| title_full_unstemmed | Utilization of Yeast Waste Fermented Citric Waste as a Protein Source to Replace Soybean Meal and Various Roughage to Concentrate Ratios on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation, Gas Kinetic, and Feed Digestion |
| title_short | Utilization of Yeast Waste Fermented Citric Waste as a Protein Source to Replace Soybean Meal and Various Roughage to Concentrate Ratios on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation, Gas Kinetic, and Feed Digestion |
| title_sort | utilization of yeast waste fermented citric waste as a protein source to replace soybean meal and various roughage to concentrate ratios on in vitro rumen fermentation gas kinetic and feed digestion |
| topic | citric waste yeast waste industrial by-product protein source |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/7/3/120 |
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