Mapping insecticide resistance and characterization of resistance mechanisms in Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Ethiopia
Abstract Background The emergence and spread of insecticide resistance in the major African malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae (s.s.) and An. arabiensis may compromise the current vector control interventions and threatens the global malaria control and elimination efforts. Methods Insecticide resist...
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| Format: | Article |
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BMC
2017-09-01
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| Series: | Parasites & Vectors |
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| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13071-017-2342-y |
| _version_ | 1818545866092314624 |
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| author | Eba Alemayehu Abebe Asale Kasahun Eba Kefelegn Getahun Kora Tushune Astrid Bryon Evangelia Morou John Vontas Thomas Van Leeuwen Luc Duchateau Delenasaw Yewhalaw |
| author_facet | Eba Alemayehu Abebe Asale Kasahun Eba Kefelegn Getahun Kora Tushune Astrid Bryon Evangelia Morou John Vontas Thomas Van Leeuwen Luc Duchateau Delenasaw Yewhalaw |
| author_sort | Eba Alemayehu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background The emergence and spread of insecticide resistance in the major African malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae (s.s.) and An. arabiensis may compromise the current vector control interventions and threatens the global malaria control and elimination efforts. Methods Insecticide resistance was monitored in several study sites in Ethiopia from 2013 to 2015 using papers impregnated with discriminating concentrations of DDT, deltamethrin, bendiocarb, propoxur, malathion, fenitrothion and pirimiphos-methyl, following the WHO insecticide susceptibility test procedure. Mosquitoes sampled from different localities for WHO bioassay were morphologically identified as An. gambiae (s.l.) using standard taxonomic keys. Samples were identified to species using species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and screened for the presence of target site mutations L1014F, L1014S and N1575Y in the voltage gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene and G119S in the acethylcholinesterase (AChE) gene using allele-specific PCR. Biochemical assays were performed to assess elevated levels of acetylcholinesterases, carboxylcholinesterases, glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) and cytochrome P450s monooxygenases in wild populations of An. arabiensis, compared to the fully susceptible Sekoru An. arabiensis laboratory strain. Results Populations of An. arabiensis were resistant to DDT and deltamethrin but were susceptible to fenitrothion in all the study sites. Reduced susceptibility to malathion, pirimiphos-methyl, propoxur and bendiocarb was observed in some of the study sites. Knockdown resistance (kdr L1014F) was detected in all mosquito populations with allele frequency ranging from 42 to 91%. Elevated levels of glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) were detected in some of the mosquito populations. However, no elevated levels of monooxygenases and esterases were detected in any of the populations assessed. Conclusions Anopheles arabiensis populations from all surveyed sites in Ethiopia exhibited resistance against DDT and pyrethroids. Moreover, some mosquito populations exhibited resistance to propoxur and possible resistance to bendiocarb. Target site mutation kdr L1014F was detected in all mosquito populations while elevated levels of glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) was detected in some mosquito populations. The reduced susceptibility of An. arabiensis to propoxur and bendiocarb, which are currently used for indoor residual spraying (IRS) in Ethiopia, calls for continuous resistance monitoring, in order to plan and implement evidence based insecticide resistance management. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T07:45:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1bd0bb47e8a64a1c9e79b4f6aef32842 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1756-3305 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T07:45:35Z |
| publishDate | 2017-09-01 |
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| series | Parasites & Vectors |
| spelling | doaj.art-1bd0bb47e8a64a1c9e79b4f6aef328422022-12-22T00:32:37ZengBMCParasites & Vectors1756-33052017-09-0110111110.1186/s13071-017-2342-yMapping insecticide resistance and characterization of resistance mechanisms in Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in EthiopiaEba Alemayehu0Abebe Asale1Kasahun Eba2Kefelegn Getahun3Kora Tushune4Astrid Bryon5Evangelia Morou6John Vontas7Thomas Van Leeuwen8Luc Duchateau9Delenasaw Yewhalaw10Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma UniversityDepartment of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma UniversityTropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma UniversityDepartment of Geography and Environmental Studies, Jimma UniversityDepartment of Health Services Management, College of Health Sciences, Jimma UniversityDepartment of Crop Protection, Ghent UniversityDepartment of Biology, University of CreteInstitute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-HellasDepartment of Crop Protection, Ghent UniversityDepartment of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, University of GhentTropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma UniversityAbstract Background The emergence and spread of insecticide resistance in the major African malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae (s.s.) and An. arabiensis may compromise the current vector control interventions and threatens the global malaria control and elimination efforts. Methods Insecticide resistance was monitored in several study sites in Ethiopia from 2013 to 2015 using papers impregnated with discriminating concentrations of DDT, deltamethrin, bendiocarb, propoxur, malathion, fenitrothion and pirimiphos-methyl, following the WHO insecticide susceptibility test procedure. Mosquitoes sampled from different localities for WHO bioassay were morphologically identified as An. gambiae (s.l.) using standard taxonomic keys. Samples were identified to species using species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and screened for the presence of target site mutations L1014F, L1014S and N1575Y in the voltage gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene and G119S in the acethylcholinesterase (AChE) gene using allele-specific PCR. Biochemical assays were performed to assess elevated levels of acetylcholinesterases, carboxylcholinesterases, glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) and cytochrome P450s monooxygenases in wild populations of An. arabiensis, compared to the fully susceptible Sekoru An. arabiensis laboratory strain. Results Populations of An. arabiensis were resistant to DDT and deltamethrin but were susceptible to fenitrothion in all the study sites. Reduced susceptibility to malathion, pirimiphos-methyl, propoxur and bendiocarb was observed in some of the study sites. Knockdown resistance (kdr L1014F) was detected in all mosquito populations with allele frequency ranging from 42 to 91%. Elevated levels of glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) were detected in some of the mosquito populations. However, no elevated levels of monooxygenases and esterases were detected in any of the populations assessed. Conclusions Anopheles arabiensis populations from all surveyed sites in Ethiopia exhibited resistance against DDT and pyrethroids. Moreover, some mosquito populations exhibited resistance to propoxur and possible resistance to bendiocarb. Target site mutation kdr L1014F was detected in all mosquito populations while elevated levels of glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) was detected in some mosquito populations. The reduced susceptibility of An. arabiensis to propoxur and bendiocarb, which are currently used for indoor residual spraying (IRS) in Ethiopia, calls for continuous resistance monitoring, in order to plan and implement evidence based insecticide resistance management.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13071-017-2342-yMalariaInsecticide resistanceAnopheles arabiensisResistance mechanismsVector controlEthiopia |
| spellingShingle | Eba Alemayehu Abebe Asale Kasahun Eba Kefelegn Getahun Kora Tushune Astrid Bryon Evangelia Morou John Vontas Thomas Van Leeuwen Luc Duchateau Delenasaw Yewhalaw Mapping insecticide resistance and characterization of resistance mechanisms in Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Ethiopia Parasites & Vectors Malaria Insecticide resistance Anopheles arabiensis Resistance mechanisms Vector control Ethiopia |
| title | Mapping insecticide resistance and characterization of resistance mechanisms in Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Ethiopia |
| title_full | Mapping insecticide resistance and characterization of resistance mechanisms in Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Ethiopia |
| title_fullStr | Mapping insecticide resistance and characterization of resistance mechanisms in Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Ethiopia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mapping insecticide resistance and characterization of resistance mechanisms in Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Ethiopia |
| title_short | Mapping insecticide resistance and characterization of resistance mechanisms in Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Ethiopia |
| title_sort | mapping insecticide resistance and characterization of resistance mechanisms in anopheles arabiensis diptera culicidae in ethiopia |
| topic | Malaria Insecticide resistance Anopheles arabiensis Resistance mechanisms Vector control Ethiopia |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13071-017-2342-y |
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