A Review on the conversion of levulinic acid and its esters to various useful chemicals
Levulinic acid (LA), an important chemical produced from a bio-based resource for current petrochemical operation, the details of hydrogenation to gamma (γ)-valerolactone (GVL) is reviewed. Levulinic acid (LA) was listed among one of the top value-added chemicals by U.S. Department of Energy and als...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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AIMS Press
2019-04-01
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| Series: | AIMS Energy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/energy.2019.2.165/fulltext.html |
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| author | Aderemi T. Adeleye Hitler Louis Ozioma U. Akakuru Innocent Joseph Obieze C. Enudi Dass P. Michael |
| author_facet | Aderemi T. Adeleye Hitler Louis Ozioma U. Akakuru Innocent Joseph Obieze C. Enudi Dass P. Michael |
| author_sort | Aderemi T. Adeleye |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Levulinic acid (LA), an important chemical produced from a bio-based resource for current petrochemical operation, the details of hydrogenation to gamma (γ)-valerolactone (GVL) is reviewed. Levulinic acid (LA) was listed among one of the top value-added chemicals by U.S. Department of Energy and also been identified as a promising sustainable material for the synthesis of other important chemicals. It can be synthesized via a process known as hydrolysis. Its synthetic hydrolysis can be carried out employing some kinds of saccharides (e.g. glucose), the major constituent unit composed in cellulose. Its production from cellulose, the most abundant and renewable natural resource on earth is advantageous; however, recalcitrance nature that holds components together in biomass prevents the easy accessibility to the utilization of cellulose therefore as a result of this, considerable pretreatment is required. This review elucidates the details of levulinic acid (LA) synthesis starting from γ-valerolactone (GVL), its derivatives and their useful applications in various fields, most especially in the biorefinery. We concentrate on derivatives such as methyltetranhydrofuran (MTHF) as gasoline additives, ethyl levulinate as a diesel additive, succinic acid, 2-Butanol (2-BO) and 2-pentanol (2-PO) mainly synthesized from Levulinic acid (LA). Likewise, catalysts and Catalytic system for the synthesis were also reviewed. Finally, Baeyer-Villiger (BV) oxidation of levulinates into succinates was also given brief consideration in this mini review. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T20:48:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1bdee751b72f4029b23c977775f5c57f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2333-8326 2333-8334 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T20:48:54Z |
| publishDate | 2019-04-01 |
| publisher | AIMS Press |
| record_format | Article |
| series | AIMS Energy |
| spelling | doaj.art-1bdee751b72f4029b23c977775f5c57f2022-12-22T01:34:10ZengAIMS PressAIMS Energy2333-83262333-83342019-04-017216518510.3934/energy.2019.2.165A Review on the conversion of levulinic acid and its esters to various useful chemicalsAderemi T. Adeleye0Hitler Louis1Ozioma U. Akakuru2Innocent Joseph3Obieze C. Enudi4Dass P. Michael51 Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China2 CAS Key Laboratory for Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Centre for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China4 Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria3 Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang, China 4 Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria2 CAS Key Laboratory for Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Centre for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China4 Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria5 Department of Chemistry, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, NigeriaLevulinic acid (LA), an important chemical produced from a bio-based resource for current petrochemical operation, the details of hydrogenation to gamma (γ)-valerolactone (GVL) is reviewed. Levulinic acid (LA) was listed among one of the top value-added chemicals by U.S. Department of Energy and also been identified as a promising sustainable material for the synthesis of other important chemicals. It can be synthesized via a process known as hydrolysis. Its synthetic hydrolysis can be carried out employing some kinds of saccharides (e.g. glucose), the major constituent unit composed in cellulose. Its production from cellulose, the most abundant and renewable natural resource on earth is advantageous; however, recalcitrance nature that holds components together in biomass prevents the easy accessibility to the utilization of cellulose therefore as a result of this, considerable pretreatment is required. This review elucidates the details of levulinic acid (LA) synthesis starting from γ-valerolactone (GVL), its derivatives and their useful applications in various fields, most especially in the biorefinery. We concentrate on derivatives such as methyltetranhydrofuran (MTHF) as gasoline additives, ethyl levulinate as a diesel additive, succinic acid, 2-Butanol (2-BO) and 2-pentanol (2-PO) mainly synthesized from Levulinic acid (LA). Likewise, catalysts and Catalytic system for the synthesis were also reviewed. Finally, Baeyer-Villiger (BV) oxidation of levulinates into succinates was also given brief consideration in this mini review.https://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/energy.2019.2.165/fulltext.htmllignocelluloselevulinic acid (la)gamma-valerolactone (gvl)baeyer-villiger (bv) oxidationmethyltetranhydrofuran (mthf)hydrogenation |
| spellingShingle | Aderemi T. Adeleye Hitler Louis Ozioma U. Akakuru Innocent Joseph Obieze C. Enudi Dass P. Michael A Review on the conversion of levulinic acid and its esters to various useful chemicals AIMS Energy lignocellulose levulinic acid (la) gamma-valerolactone (gvl) baeyer-villiger (bv) oxidation methyltetranhydrofuran (mthf) hydrogenation |
| title | A Review on the conversion of levulinic acid and its esters to various useful chemicals |
| title_full | A Review on the conversion of levulinic acid and its esters to various useful chemicals |
| title_fullStr | A Review on the conversion of levulinic acid and its esters to various useful chemicals |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Review on the conversion of levulinic acid and its esters to various useful chemicals |
| title_short | A Review on the conversion of levulinic acid and its esters to various useful chemicals |
| title_sort | review on the conversion of levulinic acid and its esters to various useful chemicals |
| topic | lignocellulose levulinic acid (la) gamma-valerolactone (gvl) baeyer-villiger (bv) oxidation methyltetranhydrofuran (mthf) hydrogenation |
| url | https://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/energy.2019.2.165/fulltext.html |
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