Antibiotic Resistance and Molecular Characterization of <i>Cronobacter sakazakii</i> Strains Isolated from Powdered Infant Formula Milk
Background: <i>Cronobacter sakazakii</i> is a new emerging foodborne bacterial pathogen associated with severe lethal diseases such as meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and septicemia in infants and neonates. Powdered infant formula milk (PIFM) has been recognized as one of the main...
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/8/1093 |
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| author | Babak Pakbin Wolfram Manuel Brück Samaneh Allahyari John W. A. Rossen Razzagh Mahmoudi |
| author_facet | Babak Pakbin Wolfram Manuel Brück Samaneh Allahyari John W. A. Rossen Razzagh Mahmoudi |
| author_sort | Babak Pakbin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: <i>Cronobacter sakazakii</i> is a new emerging foodborne bacterial pathogen associated with severe lethal diseases such as meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and septicemia in infants and neonates. Powdered infant formula milk (PIFM) has been recognized as one of the main transmission vehicles and contaminated sources of this pathogen. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence rate, genotypic and phenotypic antibiotic resistance profile, and clonal relatedness of <i>C. sakazakii</i> strains isolated from 364 PIFM samples collected from Tehran city, Iran. Methods: Culture-based methods, Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion antibiotic resistance testing, conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) assays were used in this study to detect and characterize the <i>C. sakazakii</i> isolates. Results: We isolated 25 <i>C. sakazakii</i> strains from PIFM samples (6.86%). The isolates were highly resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefoxitin, cefepime, erythromycin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol and susceptible to gentamicin, tetracycline, norfloxacin, and azithromycin antibiotics. The blaCTX-M-1 gene was detected in 96% of the isolates. The isolates were categorized into eight distinct clonal types using the ERIC-PCR method, showing a high genetic diversity among the isolates. However, there was a significant correlation between the genotypic and phenotypic antibiotic resistance properties of the isolates. Conclusions: Novel microbial surveillance systems for detecting multi-drug-resistant <i>C. sakazakii</i> are required to control the contamination of this foodborne pathogen in infant foods. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:35:53Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:35:53Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-1c00c570fbda4ecbbd348bd7ef8737b02023-12-01T20:53:35ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582022-04-01118109310.3390/foods11081093Antibiotic Resistance and Molecular Characterization of <i>Cronobacter sakazakii</i> Strains Isolated from Powdered Infant Formula MilkBabak Pakbin0Wolfram Manuel Brück1Samaneh Allahyari2John W. A. Rossen3Razzagh Mahmoudi4Institute for Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland Valais-Wallis, 1950 Sion, SwitzerlandInstitute for Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland Valais-Wallis, 1950 Sion, SwitzerlandMedical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 15315-3419, IranDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The NetherlandsMedical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 15315-3419, IranBackground: <i>Cronobacter sakazakii</i> is a new emerging foodborne bacterial pathogen associated with severe lethal diseases such as meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and septicemia in infants and neonates. Powdered infant formula milk (PIFM) has been recognized as one of the main transmission vehicles and contaminated sources of this pathogen. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence rate, genotypic and phenotypic antibiotic resistance profile, and clonal relatedness of <i>C. sakazakii</i> strains isolated from 364 PIFM samples collected from Tehran city, Iran. Methods: Culture-based methods, Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion antibiotic resistance testing, conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) assays were used in this study to detect and characterize the <i>C. sakazakii</i> isolates. Results: We isolated 25 <i>C. sakazakii</i> strains from PIFM samples (6.86%). The isolates were highly resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefoxitin, cefepime, erythromycin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol and susceptible to gentamicin, tetracycline, norfloxacin, and azithromycin antibiotics. The blaCTX-M-1 gene was detected in 96% of the isolates. The isolates were categorized into eight distinct clonal types using the ERIC-PCR method, showing a high genetic diversity among the isolates. However, there was a significant correlation between the genotypic and phenotypic antibiotic resistance properties of the isolates. Conclusions: Novel microbial surveillance systems for detecting multi-drug-resistant <i>C. sakazakii</i> are required to control the contamination of this foodborne pathogen in infant foods.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/8/1093<i>Cronobacter sakazakii</i>powdered infant formula milkantibiotic resistanceERIC-PCR |
| spellingShingle | Babak Pakbin Wolfram Manuel Brück Samaneh Allahyari John W. A. Rossen Razzagh Mahmoudi Antibiotic Resistance and Molecular Characterization of <i>Cronobacter sakazakii</i> Strains Isolated from Powdered Infant Formula Milk Foods <i>Cronobacter sakazakii</i> powdered infant formula milk antibiotic resistance ERIC-PCR |
| title | Antibiotic Resistance and Molecular Characterization of <i>Cronobacter sakazakii</i> Strains Isolated from Powdered Infant Formula Milk |
| title_full | Antibiotic Resistance and Molecular Characterization of <i>Cronobacter sakazakii</i> Strains Isolated from Powdered Infant Formula Milk |
| title_fullStr | Antibiotic Resistance and Molecular Characterization of <i>Cronobacter sakazakii</i> Strains Isolated from Powdered Infant Formula Milk |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antibiotic Resistance and Molecular Characterization of <i>Cronobacter sakazakii</i> Strains Isolated from Powdered Infant Formula Milk |
| title_short | Antibiotic Resistance and Molecular Characterization of <i>Cronobacter sakazakii</i> Strains Isolated from Powdered Infant Formula Milk |
| title_sort | antibiotic resistance and molecular characterization of i cronobacter sakazakii i strains isolated from powdered infant formula milk |
| topic | <i>Cronobacter sakazakii</i> powdered infant formula milk antibiotic resistance ERIC-PCR |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/8/1093 |
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