Prostanoid Metabolites as Biomarkers in Human Disease
Prostaglandins (PGD<sub>2</sub>, PGE<sub>2</sub>, PGF<sub>2</sub><sub>α</sub>), prostacyclin (PGI<sub>2</sub>), and thromboxane A<sub>2</sub> (TXA<sub>2</sub>) together form the prostanoid family of lipid mediators....
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-08-01
|
| Series: | Metabolites |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/12/8/721 |
| _version_ | 1827626503844659200 |
|---|---|
| author | Helena Idborg Sven-Christian Pawelzik |
| author_facet | Helena Idborg Sven-Christian Pawelzik |
| author_sort | Helena Idborg |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Prostaglandins (PGD<sub>2</sub>, PGE<sub>2</sub>, PGF<sub>2</sub><sub>α</sub>), prostacyclin (PGI<sub>2</sub>), and thromboxane A<sub>2</sub> (TXA<sub>2</sub>) together form the prostanoid family of lipid mediators. As autacoids, these five primary prostanoids propagate intercellular signals and are involved in many physiological processes. Furthermore, alterations in their biosynthesis accompany a wide range of pathological conditions, which leads to substantially increased local levels during disease. Primary prostanoids are chemically instable and rapidly metabolized. Their metabolites are more stable, integrate the local production on a systemic level, and their analysis in various biological matrices yields valuable information under different pathological settings. Therefore, prostanoid metabolites may be used as diagnostic, predictive, or prognostic biomarkers in human disease. Although their potential as biomarkers is great and extensive research has identified major prostanoid metabolites that serve as target analytes in different biofluids, the number of studies that correlate prostanoid metabolite levels to disease outcome is still limited. We review the metabolism of primary prostanoids in humans, summarize the levels of prostanoid metabolites in healthy subjects, and highlight existing biomarker studies. Since analysis of prostanoid metabolites is challenging because of ongoing metabolism and limited half-lives, an emphasis of this review lies on the reliable measurement and interpretation of obtained levels. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:57:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1c35a9afdc55412e89900060b6695e2c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-1989 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:57:34Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Metabolites |
| spelling | doaj.art-1c35a9afdc55412e89900060b6695e2c2023-11-30T21:58:08ZengMDPI AGMetabolites2218-19892022-08-0112872110.3390/metabo12080721Prostanoid Metabolites as Biomarkers in Human DiseaseHelena Idborg0Sven-Christian Pawelzik1Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, SwedenCardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, SwedenProstaglandins (PGD<sub>2</sub>, PGE<sub>2</sub>, PGF<sub>2</sub><sub>α</sub>), prostacyclin (PGI<sub>2</sub>), and thromboxane A<sub>2</sub> (TXA<sub>2</sub>) together form the prostanoid family of lipid mediators. As autacoids, these five primary prostanoids propagate intercellular signals and are involved in many physiological processes. Furthermore, alterations in their biosynthesis accompany a wide range of pathological conditions, which leads to substantially increased local levels during disease. Primary prostanoids are chemically instable and rapidly metabolized. Their metabolites are more stable, integrate the local production on a systemic level, and their analysis in various biological matrices yields valuable information under different pathological settings. Therefore, prostanoid metabolites may be used as diagnostic, predictive, or prognostic biomarkers in human disease. Although their potential as biomarkers is great and extensive research has identified major prostanoid metabolites that serve as target analytes in different biofluids, the number of studies that correlate prostanoid metabolite levels to disease outcome is still limited. We review the metabolism of primary prostanoids in humans, summarize the levels of prostanoid metabolites in healthy subjects, and highlight existing biomarker studies. Since analysis of prostanoid metabolites is challenging because of ongoing metabolism and limited half-lives, an emphasis of this review lies on the reliable measurement and interpretation of obtained levels.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/12/8/721prostanoidprostaglandinprostacyclinthromboxaneeicosanoidbiomarker |
| spellingShingle | Helena Idborg Sven-Christian Pawelzik Prostanoid Metabolites as Biomarkers in Human Disease Metabolites prostanoid prostaglandin prostacyclin thromboxane eicosanoid biomarker |
| title | Prostanoid Metabolites as Biomarkers in Human Disease |
| title_full | Prostanoid Metabolites as Biomarkers in Human Disease |
| title_fullStr | Prostanoid Metabolites as Biomarkers in Human Disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prostanoid Metabolites as Biomarkers in Human Disease |
| title_short | Prostanoid Metabolites as Biomarkers in Human Disease |
| title_sort | prostanoid metabolites as biomarkers in human disease |
| topic | prostanoid prostaglandin prostacyclin thromboxane eicosanoid biomarker |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/12/8/721 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT helenaidborg prostanoidmetabolitesasbiomarkersinhumandisease AT svenchristianpawelzik prostanoidmetabolitesasbiomarkersinhumandisease |