The Long-Term Effect of Maternal Iron Levels in the Second Trimester on Mild Thinness among Preschoolers: The Modifying Effect of Small for Gestational Age
The supplementation of multiple micronutrients throughout pregnancy can reduce the risk of adverse birth outcomes and various diseases in children. However, the long-term effect of maternal multiple micronutrient levels in the second trimester on the overall development of preschoolers remains unkno...
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/18/3939 |
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| author | Kai-Wen Wang Zheng-Jia Ling Zhi Yuan Jin Zhang Song-Jia Yi Yong-Wei Xiong Wei Chang Zhi-Jing Lin Hua-Long Zhu Lan Yang Hua Wang |
| author_facet | Kai-Wen Wang Zheng-Jia Ling Zhi Yuan Jin Zhang Song-Jia Yi Yong-Wei Xiong Wei Chang Zhi-Jing Lin Hua-Long Zhu Lan Yang Hua Wang |
| author_sort | Kai-Wen Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The supplementation of multiple micronutrients throughout pregnancy can reduce the risk of adverse birth outcomes and various diseases in children. However, the long-term effect of maternal multiple micronutrient levels in the second trimester on the overall development of preschoolers remains unknown. Therefore, 1017 singleton mother–infant pairs and 6-year-old preschoolers were recruited based on the China-Wuxi Birth Cohort Study. Meanwhile, information on the demographic characteristics of pregnant women and preschoolers, maternal copper, calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc levels in whole blood during the second trimester, and neonatal outcomes, were collected. We aimed to investigate the long-term impact of maternal copper, calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc levels in the second trimester on mild thinness among 6-year-old preschoolers, and the modifying effect of small for gestational age (SGA), within the Chinese population. Multiple logistic regression models revealed that high-level maternal iron in the second trimester reduced the risk of mild thinness [adjusted OR: 0.46 (95% CI: 0.26, 0.80)] among 6-year-old preschoolers. However, no significant association was found for the remaining four maternal essential metal elements. Additionally, the restricted cubic spline function showed that the risk of mild thinness decreased when maternal iron concentration exceeded 7.47 mmol/L in whole blood during the second trimester. Furthermore, subgroup analysis indicated that the long-term protective effect of high-level maternal iron on mild thinness was only observed in SGA infants. Summarily, high-level maternal iron in the second trimester distinctly lowers the risk of mild thinness among 6-year-old preschoolers, especially in preschoolers with birth outcomes of SGA. Our findings offer evidence for the implementation of iron supplementation in the second trimester as a preventive measure against mild thinness in children. |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:20:01Z |
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| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-1c400a578a0f4dafb85e1a0804e2d5902023-11-19T12:18:00ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432023-09-011518393910.3390/nu15183939The Long-Term Effect of Maternal Iron Levels in the Second Trimester on Mild Thinness among Preschoolers: The Modifying Effect of Small for Gestational AgeKai-Wen Wang0Zheng-Jia Ling1Zhi Yuan2Jin Zhang3Song-Jia Yi4Yong-Wei Xiong5Wei Chang6Zhi-Jing Lin7Hua-Long Zhu8Lan Yang9Hua Wang10Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, ChinaDepartment of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, ChinaDepartment of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, ChinaDepartment of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, ChinaDepartment of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, ChinaDepartment of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, ChinaDepartment of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, ChinaDepartment of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, ChinaDepartment of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, ChinaDepartment of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, ChinaDepartment of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, ChinaThe supplementation of multiple micronutrients throughout pregnancy can reduce the risk of adverse birth outcomes and various diseases in children. However, the long-term effect of maternal multiple micronutrient levels in the second trimester on the overall development of preschoolers remains unknown. Therefore, 1017 singleton mother–infant pairs and 6-year-old preschoolers were recruited based on the China-Wuxi Birth Cohort Study. Meanwhile, information on the demographic characteristics of pregnant women and preschoolers, maternal copper, calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc levels in whole blood during the second trimester, and neonatal outcomes, were collected. We aimed to investigate the long-term impact of maternal copper, calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc levels in the second trimester on mild thinness among 6-year-old preschoolers, and the modifying effect of small for gestational age (SGA), within the Chinese population. Multiple logistic regression models revealed that high-level maternal iron in the second trimester reduced the risk of mild thinness [adjusted OR: 0.46 (95% CI: 0.26, 0.80)] among 6-year-old preschoolers. However, no significant association was found for the remaining four maternal essential metal elements. Additionally, the restricted cubic spline function showed that the risk of mild thinness decreased when maternal iron concentration exceeded 7.47 mmol/L in whole blood during the second trimester. Furthermore, subgroup analysis indicated that the long-term protective effect of high-level maternal iron on mild thinness was only observed in SGA infants. Summarily, high-level maternal iron in the second trimester distinctly lowers the risk of mild thinness among 6-year-old preschoolers, especially in preschoolers with birth outcomes of SGA. Our findings offer evidence for the implementation of iron supplementation in the second trimester as a preventive measure against mild thinness in children.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/18/3939micronutrientsironpregnancysmall for gestational agemild thinnesspreschoolers |
| spellingShingle | Kai-Wen Wang Zheng-Jia Ling Zhi Yuan Jin Zhang Song-Jia Yi Yong-Wei Xiong Wei Chang Zhi-Jing Lin Hua-Long Zhu Lan Yang Hua Wang The Long-Term Effect of Maternal Iron Levels in the Second Trimester on Mild Thinness among Preschoolers: The Modifying Effect of Small for Gestational Age Nutrients micronutrients iron pregnancy small for gestational age mild thinness preschoolers |
| title | The Long-Term Effect of Maternal Iron Levels in the Second Trimester on Mild Thinness among Preschoolers: The Modifying Effect of Small for Gestational Age |
| title_full | The Long-Term Effect of Maternal Iron Levels in the Second Trimester on Mild Thinness among Preschoolers: The Modifying Effect of Small for Gestational Age |
| title_fullStr | The Long-Term Effect of Maternal Iron Levels in the Second Trimester on Mild Thinness among Preschoolers: The Modifying Effect of Small for Gestational Age |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Long-Term Effect of Maternal Iron Levels in the Second Trimester on Mild Thinness among Preschoolers: The Modifying Effect of Small for Gestational Age |
| title_short | The Long-Term Effect of Maternal Iron Levels in the Second Trimester on Mild Thinness among Preschoolers: The Modifying Effect of Small for Gestational Age |
| title_sort | long term effect of maternal iron levels in the second trimester on mild thinness among preschoolers the modifying effect of small for gestational age |
| topic | micronutrients iron pregnancy small for gestational age mild thinness preschoolers |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/18/3939 |
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