In-utero Exposure to Maternal Stressful Life Events and Risk of Cryptorchidism: The Raine Study
Cryptorchidism, registered at birth or later, is the most common birth defect in males in western countries, estimated to affect around 2–3% of newborn boys, declining to around 2% at 3 months. We have previously described a potential association between stressful life events (SLEs) in pregnancy and...
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| Format: | Article |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2019-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Endocrinology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fendo.2019.00530/full |
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| author | Elvira V. Bräuner Elvira V. Bräuner Martha Hickey Åse Marie Hansen Åse Marie Hansen Dorota A. Doherty David J. Handelsman Anders Juul Anders Juul Roger Hart Roger Hart |
| author_facet | Elvira V. Bräuner Elvira V. Bräuner Martha Hickey Åse Marie Hansen Åse Marie Hansen Dorota A. Doherty David J. Handelsman Anders Juul Anders Juul Roger Hart Roger Hart |
| author_sort | Elvira V. Bräuner |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cryptorchidism, registered at birth or later, is the most common birth defect in males in western countries, estimated to affect around 2–3% of newborn boys, declining to around 2% at 3 months. We have previously described a potential association between stressful life events (SLEs) in pregnancy and reduced semen quality and testosterone levels in adult offspring. Both outcomes are believed to share a common etiology with cryptorchidism thus increased risk of cryptorchidism in boys exposed to prenatal SLEs may be plausible. The risk of cryptorchidism associated with prenatal SLE amongst 1,273 male Generation 2 offspring was estimated using the Western Australian Pregnancy (Raine) Study. SLEs are discrete experiences that disrupt an individual's usual activities causing a life change and readjustment, such as death of a relative or friend, divorce, illness or job loss. Mothers prospectively reported SLEs, during pregnancy at gestational weeks (GW) 18 and 34 using a standardized 10-point questionnaire. A boy was diagnosed as cryptorchid if one or both testes was non-palpable in the scrotum and not able to be manipulated into the scrotum. Twenty-four (2%) cryptorchid boys were identified. Mean (standard deviation) of SLE exposures in GW34 was 1.1 (1.2) for non-cryptorchid boys and slightly higher 1.5 (1.8) for cryptorchid boys, similar differences were observed in GW18. Adjusted odds ratio [OR] and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for risk of cryptorchidism in early (18-weeks) and late gestation (34-weeks) according to prenatal SLE exposures were: 1.06 (95% CI: 0.77–1.45) and 1.18 (95% CI: 0.84–1.67), respectively. This is the first-time report on the possible relationships between exposure to early and late pregnancy SLEs and risk of cryptorchidism in a birth cohort. Prenatal SLE exposure was not associated with a statistically significant increase in the risk of cryptorchidism in male offspring. A small case population limits the statistical power of the study and future larger studies are required to evaluate this potential association. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-23T05:58:40Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-2392 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-23T05:58:40Z |
| publishDate | 2019-08-01 |
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| series | Frontiers in Endocrinology |
| spelling | doaj.art-1c52d124e72b4987980a516175e68ad72022-12-21T17:57:44ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Endocrinology1664-23922019-08-011010.3389/fendo.2019.00530475126In-utero Exposure to Maternal Stressful Life Events and Risk of Cryptorchidism: The Raine StudyElvira V. Bräuner0Elvira V. Bräuner1Martha Hickey2Åse Marie Hansen3Åse Marie Hansen4Dorota A. Doherty5David J. Handelsman6Anders Juul7Anders Juul8Roger Hart9Roger Hart10Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkThe International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, AustraliaDepartment of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkThe National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, DenmarkDivision of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, AustraliaANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaDepartment of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkThe International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkDivision of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, AustraliaFertility Specialists of Western Australia, Bethesda Hospital, Claremont, WA, AustraliaCryptorchidism, registered at birth or later, is the most common birth defect in males in western countries, estimated to affect around 2–3% of newborn boys, declining to around 2% at 3 months. We have previously described a potential association between stressful life events (SLEs) in pregnancy and reduced semen quality and testosterone levels in adult offspring. Both outcomes are believed to share a common etiology with cryptorchidism thus increased risk of cryptorchidism in boys exposed to prenatal SLEs may be plausible. The risk of cryptorchidism associated with prenatal SLE amongst 1,273 male Generation 2 offspring was estimated using the Western Australian Pregnancy (Raine) Study. SLEs are discrete experiences that disrupt an individual's usual activities causing a life change and readjustment, such as death of a relative or friend, divorce, illness or job loss. Mothers prospectively reported SLEs, during pregnancy at gestational weeks (GW) 18 and 34 using a standardized 10-point questionnaire. A boy was diagnosed as cryptorchid if one or both testes was non-palpable in the scrotum and not able to be manipulated into the scrotum. Twenty-four (2%) cryptorchid boys were identified. Mean (standard deviation) of SLE exposures in GW34 was 1.1 (1.2) for non-cryptorchid boys and slightly higher 1.5 (1.8) for cryptorchid boys, similar differences were observed in GW18. Adjusted odds ratio [OR] and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for risk of cryptorchidism in early (18-weeks) and late gestation (34-weeks) according to prenatal SLE exposures were: 1.06 (95% CI: 0.77–1.45) and 1.18 (95% CI: 0.84–1.67), respectively. This is the first-time report on the possible relationships between exposure to early and late pregnancy SLEs and risk of cryptorchidism in a birth cohort. Prenatal SLE exposure was not associated with a statistically significant increase in the risk of cryptorchidism in male offspring. A small case population limits the statistical power of the study and future larger studies are required to evaluate this potential association.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fendo.2019.00530/fullpregnancystressful life eventsin-utero exposurescryptorchidismRaine study |
| spellingShingle | Elvira V. Bräuner Elvira V. Bräuner Martha Hickey Åse Marie Hansen Åse Marie Hansen Dorota A. Doherty David J. Handelsman Anders Juul Anders Juul Roger Hart Roger Hart In-utero Exposure to Maternal Stressful Life Events and Risk of Cryptorchidism: The Raine Study Frontiers in Endocrinology pregnancy stressful life events in-utero exposures cryptorchidism Raine study |
| title | In-utero Exposure to Maternal Stressful Life Events and Risk of Cryptorchidism: The Raine Study |
| title_full | In-utero Exposure to Maternal Stressful Life Events and Risk of Cryptorchidism: The Raine Study |
| title_fullStr | In-utero Exposure to Maternal Stressful Life Events and Risk of Cryptorchidism: The Raine Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | In-utero Exposure to Maternal Stressful Life Events and Risk of Cryptorchidism: The Raine Study |
| title_short | In-utero Exposure to Maternal Stressful Life Events and Risk of Cryptorchidism: The Raine Study |
| title_sort | in utero exposure to maternal stressful life events and risk of cryptorchidism the raine study |
| topic | pregnancy stressful life events in-utero exposures cryptorchidism Raine study |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fendo.2019.00530/full |
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