Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Exogenously-Sprayed Ethylene Forage Ramie Based on Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses
Ramie (<i>Boehmeria nivea</i> [L.] Gaud.), a nutritious animal feed, is rich in protein and produces a variety of secondary metabolites that increase its palatability and functional composition. Ethylene (ETH) is an important plant hormone that regulates the growth and development of var...
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/22/3899 |
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| author | Hongdong Jie Pengliang He Long Zhao Yushen Ma Yucheng Jie |
| author_facet | Hongdong Jie Pengliang He Long Zhao Yushen Ma Yucheng Jie |
| author_sort | Hongdong Jie |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ramie (<i>Boehmeria nivea</i> [L.] Gaud.), a nutritious animal feed, is rich in protein and produces a variety of secondary metabolites that increase its palatability and functional composition. Ethylene (ETH) is an important plant hormone that regulates the growth and development of various crops. In this study, we investigated the impact of ETH sprays on the growth and metabolism of forage ramie. We explored the mechanism of ETH regulation on the growth and secondary metabolites of forage ramie using transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. Spraying ramie with ETH elevated the contents of flavonoids and chlorogenic acid and decreased the lignin content in the leaves and stems. A total of 1076 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 51 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were identified in the leaves, and 344 DEGs and 55 DEMs were identified in the stems. The DEGs that affect phenylpropanoid metabolism, including <i>BGLU41</i>, <i>LCT</i>, <i>PER63</i>, <i>PER42</i>, <i>PER12</i>, <i>PER10</i>, <i>POD</i>, <i>BAHD1</i>, <i>SHT</i>, and <i>At4g26220</i> were significantly upregulated in the leaves. Ethylene sprays downregulated tyrosine and chlorogenic acid (3-<i>O</i>-caffeoylquinic acid) in the leaves, but lignin biosynthesis <i>HCT</i> genes, including <i>ACT</i>, <i>BAHD1</i>, and <i>SHT</i>, were up- and downregulated. These changes in expression may ultimately reduce lignin biosynthesis. In addition, the upregulation of caffeoyl CoA-<i>O</i>-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) may have increased the abundance of its flavonoids. Ethylene significantly downregulated metabolites, affecting phenylpropanoid metabolism in the stems. The differential 4CL and HCT metabolites were downregulated, namely, phenylalanine and tyrosine. Additionally, ETH upregulated 2-hydroxycinnamic acid and the cinnamyl hydroxyl derivatives (caffeic acid and <i>p</i>-coumaric acid). Cinnamic acid is a crucial intermediate in the shikimic acid pathway, which serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of flavonoids and lignin. The ETH-decreased gene expression and metabolite alteration reduced the lignin levels in the stem. Moreover, the <i>HCT</i> downregulation may explain the inhibited lignin biosynthesis to promote flavonoid biosynthesis. In conclusion, external ETH application can effectively reduce lignin contents and increase the secondary metabolites of ramie without affecting its growth and development. These results provide candidate genes for improving ramie and offer theoretical and practical guidance for cultivating ramie for forage. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:30:05Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1c5c2993fc754e56b5ad2dd7fad1fe04 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:30:05Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
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| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-1c5c2993fc754e56b5ad2dd7fad1fe042023-11-24T15:02:10ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472023-11-011222389910.3390/plants12223899Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Exogenously-Sprayed Ethylene Forage Ramie Based on Transcriptomic and Metabolomic AnalysesHongdong Jie0Pengliang He1Long Zhao2Yushen Ma3Yucheng Jie4College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, ChinaCollege of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, ChinaCollege of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, ChinaCollege of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, ChinaCollege of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, ChinaRamie (<i>Boehmeria nivea</i> [L.] Gaud.), a nutritious animal feed, is rich in protein and produces a variety of secondary metabolites that increase its palatability and functional composition. Ethylene (ETH) is an important plant hormone that regulates the growth and development of various crops. In this study, we investigated the impact of ETH sprays on the growth and metabolism of forage ramie. We explored the mechanism of ETH regulation on the growth and secondary metabolites of forage ramie using transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. Spraying ramie with ETH elevated the contents of flavonoids and chlorogenic acid and decreased the lignin content in the leaves and stems. A total of 1076 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 51 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were identified in the leaves, and 344 DEGs and 55 DEMs were identified in the stems. The DEGs that affect phenylpropanoid metabolism, including <i>BGLU41</i>, <i>LCT</i>, <i>PER63</i>, <i>PER42</i>, <i>PER12</i>, <i>PER10</i>, <i>POD</i>, <i>BAHD1</i>, <i>SHT</i>, and <i>At4g26220</i> were significantly upregulated in the leaves. Ethylene sprays downregulated tyrosine and chlorogenic acid (3-<i>O</i>-caffeoylquinic acid) in the leaves, but lignin biosynthesis <i>HCT</i> genes, including <i>ACT</i>, <i>BAHD1</i>, and <i>SHT</i>, were up- and downregulated. These changes in expression may ultimately reduce lignin biosynthesis. In addition, the upregulation of caffeoyl CoA-<i>O</i>-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) may have increased the abundance of its flavonoids. Ethylene significantly downregulated metabolites, affecting phenylpropanoid metabolism in the stems. The differential 4CL and HCT metabolites were downregulated, namely, phenylalanine and tyrosine. Additionally, ETH upregulated 2-hydroxycinnamic acid and the cinnamyl hydroxyl derivatives (caffeic acid and <i>p</i>-coumaric acid). Cinnamic acid is a crucial intermediate in the shikimic acid pathway, which serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of flavonoids and lignin. The ETH-decreased gene expression and metabolite alteration reduced the lignin levels in the stem. Moreover, the <i>HCT</i> downregulation may explain the inhibited lignin biosynthesis to promote flavonoid biosynthesis. In conclusion, external ETH application can effectively reduce lignin contents and increase the secondary metabolites of ramie without affecting its growth and development. These results provide candidate genes for improving ramie and offer theoretical and practical guidance for cultivating ramie for forage.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/22/3899ethephontranscriptomemetabolomeflavonoidsligninchlorogenic acid |
| spellingShingle | Hongdong Jie Pengliang He Long Zhao Yushen Ma Yucheng Jie Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Exogenously-Sprayed Ethylene Forage Ramie Based on Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Plants ethephon transcriptome metabolome flavonoids lignin chlorogenic acid |
| title | Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Exogenously-Sprayed Ethylene Forage Ramie Based on Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses |
| title_full | Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Exogenously-Sprayed Ethylene Forage Ramie Based on Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses |
| title_fullStr | Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Exogenously-Sprayed Ethylene Forage Ramie Based on Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Exogenously-Sprayed Ethylene Forage Ramie Based on Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses |
| title_short | Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Exogenously-Sprayed Ethylene Forage Ramie Based on Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses |
| title_sort | molecular mechanisms regulating phenylpropanoid metabolism in exogenously sprayed ethylene forage ramie based on transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses |
| topic | ethephon transcriptome metabolome flavonoids lignin chlorogenic acid |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/22/3899 |
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