Gastric Ulceration and Immune Suppression in Weaned Piglets Associated with Feed-Borne <i>Bacillus cereus</i> and <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>
As a multifactorial cause, gastric ulceration-mediated diarrhea is widely prevalent in the weaned piglets, impairing pig health and economic benefits. With full implementation of antibiotic stewardship programs in China, <i>Bacillus cereus</i> (<i>B. cereus</i>) and <i>...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-11-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/11/703 |
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| author | Xiaohui Li Qiang Li Yihui Wang Zhenhai Han Guanggang Qu Zhiqiang Shen Shujian Huang Cheng He |
| author_facet | Xiaohui Li Qiang Li Yihui Wang Zhenhai Han Guanggang Qu Zhiqiang Shen Shujian Huang Cheng He |
| author_sort | Xiaohui Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As a multifactorial cause, gastric ulceration-mediated diarrhea is widely prevalent in the weaned piglets, impairing pig health and economic benefits. With full implementation of antibiotic stewardship programs in China, <i>Bacillus cereus</i> (<i>B. cereus</i>) and <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> (<i>A. fumigatus</i>) were identified frequently in porcine feedstuffs and feeds of the animal industry. Association between feed-borne <i>B. cereus</i> and frequent diarrhea remains unclear. In the present study, we conducted a survey of <i>B. cereus</i> and <i>A. fumigatus</i> from feeds and feedstuffs in pig farms during hot season. Interestingly, <i>B. cereus</i>, <i>B. subtilis</i>, <i>B. licheniformis</i> and <i>B. thuringinesis</i> were isolated and identified from piglets’ starter meals to sow feeds, accounting for 56.1%, 23.7%, 13.7% and 6.5%, respectively. Obviously, both <i>B. cereus</i> and <i>B. subtili</i> were dominant contaminants in the survey. In an in vitro study, Deoxynivalenol (DON) contents were determined in a dose-dependent manner post fermentation with <i>B. cereus</i> (405 and DawuC). Subsequently, 36 weaned piglets were randomly assigned to four groups and the piglets simultaneously received the combination of virulent <i>B. cereus</i> (Dawu C) and <i>A. fumigatus</i> while animals were inoculated with <i>B. cereus</i> (Dawu C), <i>A. fumigatus</i> or PBS as the control group. Clinically, piglets developed yellow diarrhea on day 5 and significant reductions of relative body weight were observed in the <i>B. cereus</i> group, and co-infection group. More importantly, IgG titers against <i>Classical swine fever virus</i> (CSFV) and Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) were reduced dramatically during 14-day observation in co-infection group, the <i>B. cereus</i> (Dawu C) group or the <i>A. fumigatus</i> group. However, lower Foot and mouth disease (FMD) -specific antibodies were reduced on day 7 compared to those of the control group. Additionally, lower lymphocyte proliferations were found in the <i>B. cereus</i> group and the co-infection group compared to the control group. Postmortem, higher lesions of gastric ulceration were observed in the <i>B. cereus</i> group and the co-infection group from day 7 to day 14 compared with those of the <i>A. fumigatus</i> group and the control group. Compared to the <i>A. fumigatus</i> group, higher DON contents were detected in the stomach inoculated with <i>B. cereus</i> and the co-infection with <i>A. fumigatus</i>. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that <i>B. cereus</i> might be associated with severe diarrhea by inducing gastric ulcerations and <i>A. fumigatus</i> might aggravate immune suppression, threating a sustainable swine industry. It is urgently needed to control feed-borne <i>B. cereus</i> contamination. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:01:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1c8485735f0c4259a9fd32a3cf92ca16 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:01:50Z |
| publishDate | 2020-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-1c8485735f0c4259a9fd32a3cf92ca162023-11-20T20:06:40ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512020-11-01121170310.3390/toxins12110703Gastric Ulceration and Immune Suppression in Weaned Piglets Associated with Feed-Borne <i>Bacillus cereus</i> and <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>Xiaohui Li0Qiang Li1Yihui Wang2Zhenhai Han3Guanggang Qu4Zhiqiang Shen5Shujian Huang6Cheng He7College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528531, ChinaKey Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaKey Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaCollege of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528531, ChinaBinzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy of Shandong Province, Binzhou 256600, ChinaBinzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy of Shandong Province, Binzhou 256600, ChinaCollege of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528531, ChinaCollege of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528531, ChinaAs a multifactorial cause, gastric ulceration-mediated diarrhea is widely prevalent in the weaned piglets, impairing pig health and economic benefits. With full implementation of antibiotic stewardship programs in China, <i>Bacillus cereus</i> (<i>B. cereus</i>) and <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> (<i>A. fumigatus</i>) were identified frequently in porcine feedstuffs and feeds of the animal industry. Association between feed-borne <i>B. cereus</i> and frequent diarrhea remains unclear. In the present study, we conducted a survey of <i>B. cereus</i> and <i>A. fumigatus</i> from feeds and feedstuffs in pig farms during hot season. Interestingly, <i>B. cereus</i>, <i>B. subtilis</i>, <i>B. licheniformis</i> and <i>B. thuringinesis</i> were isolated and identified from piglets’ starter meals to sow feeds, accounting for 56.1%, 23.7%, 13.7% and 6.5%, respectively. Obviously, both <i>B. cereus</i> and <i>B. subtili</i> were dominant contaminants in the survey. In an in vitro study, Deoxynivalenol (DON) contents were determined in a dose-dependent manner post fermentation with <i>B. cereus</i> (405 and DawuC). Subsequently, 36 weaned piglets were randomly assigned to four groups and the piglets simultaneously received the combination of virulent <i>B. cereus</i> (Dawu C) and <i>A. fumigatus</i> while animals were inoculated with <i>B. cereus</i> (Dawu C), <i>A. fumigatus</i> or PBS as the control group. Clinically, piglets developed yellow diarrhea on day 5 and significant reductions of relative body weight were observed in the <i>B. cereus</i> group, and co-infection group. More importantly, IgG titers against <i>Classical swine fever virus</i> (CSFV) and Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) were reduced dramatically during 14-day observation in co-infection group, the <i>B. cereus</i> (Dawu C) group or the <i>A. fumigatus</i> group. However, lower Foot and mouth disease (FMD) -specific antibodies were reduced on day 7 compared to those of the control group. Additionally, lower lymphocyte proliferations were found in the <i>B. cereus</i> group and the co-infection group compared to the control group. Postmortem, higher lesions of gastric ulceration were observed in the <i>B. cereus</i> group and the co-infection group from day 7 to day 14 compared with those of the <i>A. fumigatus</i> group and the control group. Compared to the <i>A. fumigatus</i> group, higher DON contents were detected in the stomach inoculated with <i>B. cereus</i> and the co-infection with <i>A. fumigatus</i>. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that <i>B. cereus</i> might be associated with severe diarrhea by inducing gastric ulcerations and <i>A. fumigatus</i> might aggravate immune suppression, threating a sustainable swine industry. It is urgently needed to control feed-borne <i>B. cereus</i> contamination.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/11/703<i>Bacillus cerues</i><i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>DONgastric ulcerationsimmune responsespiglets |
| spellingShingle | Xiaohui Li Qiang Li Yihui Wang Zhenhai Han Guanggang Qu Zhiqiang Shen Shujian Huang Cheng He Gastric Ulceration and Immune Suppression in Weaned Piglets Associated with Feed-Borne <i>Bacillus cereus</i> and <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> Toxins <i>Bacillus cerues</i> <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> DON gastric ulcerations immune responses piglets |
| title | Gastric Ulceration and Immune Suppression in Weaned Piglets Associated with Feed-Borne <i>Bacillus cereus</i> and <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> |
| title_full | Gastric Ulceration and Immune Suppression in Weaned Piglets Associated with Feed-Borne <i>Bacillus cereus</i> and <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> |
| title_fullStr | Gastric Ulceration and Immune Suppression in Weaned Piglets Associated with Feed-Borne <i>Bacillus cereus</i> and <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gastric Ulceration and Immune Suppression in Weaned Piglets Associated with Feed-Borne <i>Bacillus cereus</i> and <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> |
| title_short | Gastric Ulceration and Immune Suppression in Weaned Piglets Associated with Feed-Borne <i>Bacillus cereus</i> and <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> |
| title_sort | gastric ulceration and immune suppression in weaned piglets associated with feed borne i bacillus cereus i and i aspergillus fumigatus i |
| topic | <i>Bacillus cerues</i> <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> DON gastric ulcerations immune responses piglets |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/11/703 |
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